Medical Ethics And Ethics Regarding Medical Marijuana

RESEARCH PAPER Medical Ethics Ethics Regarding Medical Marijuana by Sowmya Kondapuram Medical ethics is a system of morals and values that apply judgments to the practice of medicine. Medical ethics mainly deals with behavior of physician and the decisions they have to make rather than how to treat patients. Physicians face these kind of questions and dilemmas often. Simply put ethics in medicine is about making decisions that are moral and just. Medicine is both science and an art, where science implies physicians to recognize signs of illness, treat or cure the patients and art involves making right decisions in ethical situations. Medical Ethics: All doctors take a certain oath or pledge before taking up on their career. They take up the following oaths - ï‚ · Pledge to consecrate their life to service of humans. ï‚ · Will respect their patients. ï‚ · Practice their profession with conscience and dignity. ï‚ · Health of patient would be their primary importance. ï‚ · Main autonomy by protecting the secrets of the patients. ï‚ · Not permit age, race, social status, disease, nationality or any other factor to falter their decisions. ï‚ · Respect for human life. ï‚ · Will behave professionally at all times. Non-Rational Approaches to Ethical Issues: ï‚ · Obedience, a common way of making ethical decisions. Generally agreeing to the patients consents, following the rules fall under this approach. ï‚ · Imitation, following up a superior and taking decisions based on these role models. Making EthicalShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"When Your Conscience Says Law Is Immoral, DonT Follow1038 Words   |  5 PagesJack Kevorkian seems to resonate deeply with the proponents of legalizing marijuana use, despite it originally referring to assisted suicide. The legalization of marijuana use had become one of the biggest hot button issues of the last decade, and is being fiercely debated across the United States. First made illegal in 1970 with the passing of the Controlled Substances Act, which declared it an addictive drug with no medical value, many are now fighting against this law, citing medicinal uses andRead MoreLegalizing Marijuan A Utilitarian Perspective1618 Words   |  7 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Legalizing Marijuana: A Utilitarian Perspective Whitney T. Hall SOC120: Ethic and Social Responsibility Tim Carter May 7, 2012 Legalizing Marijuana: A Utilitarian Perspective The legalization of marijuana in the United States remains a major issue and has caused much controversy due to opposing views. With the economy being in the state that it is, we need to utilize all available resources and set aside personal emotion regarding â€Å"smoking weed†. While some support decriminalizationRead MoreThe Role Of A Nurse Practitioner As An Advocate And Teacher1380 Words   |  6 Pagesdiagnosing and treating patients. The primary healthcare nurse practitioner (PHCNP) represents a â€Å"unique form of change agent for delivering services differently in a manner giving primacy to health and human complexity while delivering primary care medical services as a means of increasing and maintaining access†(Kooienga Carryer, 2015, p. 806). APNs have emerged as advocates for their community and must rely on evidence-based practice to ensure that they provide quality service. Educating patientsRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana2983 Words   |  12 PagesDecem ber 3, 2012 The topic of marijuana has been a big topic for the past few years. The United States considers marijuana as a drug, in some other countries they say it is a natural herb that is grown from the ground. The issue at hand is â€Å"should marijuana be legalized?† the congress of the US stay in a constant debate on this subject. Why is the subject of marijuana such in high demand, if the US already considers it a drug? There are many facts that need to be looked at before a finalRead MoreAn Analysis Of An Ethical Dilemma Using The Doing Ethics Technique Essay2122 Words   |  9 PagesDoing Ethics Technique TITLE An analysis of an ethical dilemma using the Doing Ethics Technique (DET) SUB TITLE NAME Stewart Armstrong STUDENT ID 11206102 EMAIL CONTACT stewart@thearmstrongs.net December 2015 Table of Contents 1. The Analysis 3 2. The Reference List 7 â€Æ' 1. The Analysis There is more public support for marijuana law reform than ever before with new polls showing more than half the country is in favor of legalizing marijuana. TheRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana Essay2617 Words   |  11 PagesLegalization of Marijuana Michelle Shepard Soc 120 July 16, 2012 Danielle Camacho There is no denying that the drug problem in our country today has reached an epidemic proportion. The problem has gotten so out of hand that many options are being considered to control and or solve it. Trying to end the drug war may not seen to be the best answer in the beginning, but those so-called wars on drugs have not been very successful at stopping the drug wars. I feel that there should be some differentRead MoreMy Opinion On The Class Survey879 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor numerically is nursing. Therefore, the combination of the two signifies that the greater percentage of our class plans to go to medical school. Of course medical school is very expensive, hence showing a majority of 48% that plan on withdrawing loans and becoming a student borrow in upcoming years. So the average member of this class is likely to be a medical student. Other questions in the career/college realm include our expected salary, which was responded as â€Å"around 80,000† by 44%, and th atRead MoreA Public Servant As Someone Who Is Employed By The Government Essay835 Words   |  4 PagesMunicipal Court Law. According to the Alabama league of Municipalities, there are continues legal education requirements for Municipal Judges. They are required to complete a minimum of six hours of judicial education. This also includes one hour of ethics that related to municipal court practice and procedure. New appointed municipal judges are also required to complete six hours of judicial education but within that one year of their appointment (â€Å"ALM†,n.p., para 1) Salaries of municipal court judgesRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana: A Controversial Research Topic3448 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Legalization  Marijuana   Table of Contents Marketing of Two Brands based on Consumer Buying Behavior Models 3 History/Background 3 Different forms of Marijuana/how is it integrated 6 Long term health issues if any 7 Arguments for Legalization 9 Arguments against legalization 10 Other Countries approaches to legalization of marijuana 11 What is your position on this issue and why 11 References 12 Marketing of Two Brands based on Consumer Buying Behavior Models History/Background Read MoreIt Has Been Widely Speculated By Many Concerned American988 Words   |  4 Pagescontinuously cost the government and hard working tax paying Americans money. Additionally, Sessions implied that the act unfairly caters to certain children, and he asserted that this ongoing predicament has ensued the rapid impoverishment of classroom ethics and productivity. The Americans with Disabilities Restoration act was passed nine years ago in 2008 and it reinforced the integrity and necessity of the original A.D.A. act, which beforehand was frequently being destabilized in court proceedings.

Naacp - 1094 Words

NAACP The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. It has been made up of many movements, though it is often used to refer to the struggles between 1945 and 1970 to end discrimination against African-Americans and to end racial segregation, especially in the U.S. South. It focuses on that particular struggle, rather than the comparable movements to end discrimination against other ethnic groups within the United States or those struggles, such as the womens liberation, gay liberation, and disabled rights movements, that have used similar tactics in pursuit of similar goals. The civil rights movement has had a lasting†¦show more content†¦In the South of the 1950s, that would have exposed every member of the NAACP to retaliation, from being fired to being firebombed. While the United States Supreme Court ultimately reversed the order, for a few years in the mid 1 950s the NAACP was unable to operate above-ground in Alabama ( wikipedia 2). A debate in civil rights history appeared in the decades following the well-publicized struggles of the early 1960s and continues today. This debate is of whether the movement was finished with its goals when it attained equal treatment under the law, or whether it had changed to a new goal of fighting all forms of discrimination, not just the formal version found in Jim Crow. Those who argue for the continuation of the movement point to events of the later 1960s that continue to have an impact today: Race riots in every major city in the country, on an almost yearly basis; the formation of more militant groups such as the Black Panthers; and evidence that implies continued and consistent discrimination in the housing and job markets. Those who argue against it note that other discriminated groups in the past have managed to overcome their problems with time and community help, and for that reason the movement for civil rights (if not civil equality) ended with the legal struggle. Since its inception NAACP was poised for a long, tumultuous and rewarding history. Although it may be possible to chronicle the challenging and harrowing legacyShow MoreRelatedEssay about NAACP1081 Words   |  5 Pages NAACP The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. It has been made up of many movements, though it is often used to refer to the struggles between 1945 and 1970 to end discrimination against African-Americans and to end racial segregation, especially in the U.S. South. It focuses on that particular struggle, rather than the comparable movements to end discrimination againstRead MoreHelen Keller And The Naacp1701 Words   |  7 PagesRebecca Reed Honors American Studies I Mr. Cahalan 27 April 2015 Helen Keller and the NAACP A large issue in our country for the first two centuries, some would argue longer, of our time as our own, independent, country has been the issue of equality among races. This was an issue that was on the mind of many of the people who were very instrumental in our country including men like Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King Jr., among others. The issue of equality among races caused lots of controversyRead MoreNAACP Essay example1432 Words   |  6 Pages12th The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded by a multiracial group of activists, who answered The Call, in the New York City, NY. They initially called themselves the National Negro Committee. Founded in 1909 The NAACP, or National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, has been active in its attempts to break legal ground and forge better opportunities for African Americans. At the beginning in 1909, some twenty persons met together in New York CityRead MoreMr. NAACP is the Bi ography of Walter White738 Words   |  3 PagesThe Biography of Walter White, Mr. NAACP chronicles Walter White’s life from childhood until his death. The central focus is on his works within the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, as well as within civil rights movement as a whole. What made Walter White unique was his skin complexion. He was a blonde hair, blue eyed, extremely light skinned Negro. This shaped how White viewed himself, how others viewed him, and how he was able to make such a great impact for the blackRead MoreHe Resigned From The Naacp In June 1934 In A Dispute Over1525 Words   |  7 PagesHe resigned from the NAACP in June 1934 in a dispute over organizational policy and direction. He believed the depression dictated a shift from the organization’s stress on legal rights and integration to an emphasis on black economic advancement, even if this meant temporarily â€Å"accepting† segregation. But after teaching at A tlanta University, he returned in 1944 as head of a research effort aimed at collecting and disseminating data on Africans and their Diasporas and putting issues affecting themRead MoreEquality for African Americans After writing my newspaper article on the NAACP, I realized that800 Words   |  4 PagesEquality for African Americans After writing my newspaper article on the NAACP, I realized that the African American community needed a renewed sense of belonging, like all the other communities have in this day in age. This sense of being is better known as equality. Webster’s dictionary defines equality as having the same rights, social status and opportunities as others. The African American community has yet to reach a plateau were they are seen as equals. Equalities for African Americans areRead MoreThe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People670 Words   |  3 Pages The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) was founded in the year of 1909 in New York City. This association is considered the nation’s biggest and oldest civil rights organizations. It was formed in response to the continuing terrible practice of lynching during that period. Lynching was being practiced during this time and affected many people just because of their skin color. The NAACP was made by white and black citizens â€Å"[fought] for social justice† (NAACP History)Read MoreThe National Association of the Advancement of Colored People1450 Words   |  6 PagesPeople (NAACP), the largest civil rights organization in the world and probably the largest secular citizens action agency in the nation. Founded in 1909, the NAACP is the oldest civil rights organization as well as the most powerful and the most respected today. The NAACP is the national spokesperson for black Americans and other minorities, and for those who support civil rights objectives in America. Organized in virtually every city and town where black Americans reside, the NAACP both articulatesRead More National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People Essay725 Words   |  3 Pages National Association for the Advancement of Colored People nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Born from the Niagara Movement, led by William E. B. DuBois, the NAACP has had a volatile birth and a lively history (Beifuss 17:E4). The impetus for the creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People came in the summer of 1908. Severe race riots in Springfield, Illinois, prompted William English Walling to write articles questioning the treatment of the Negro. Reading the articlesRead MoreNational Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1233 Words   |  5 Pagesliving conditions forced them to live these lives of hell. It wasn’t until the development of the NAACP came around, that they began to see equal treatment. The NAACP is an organization created and developed for the advancement of African Americans. NAACP is an acronym for National Association for the advancement of Colored People. The NAACP website discusses the development and purpose of the NAACP. The NAACP was founded by a group of African Americans who were fed up with the injustices towards blacks

Guide to Project Management free essay sample

Project Management Guide What is in this guide? All development workers, and community organisations may at times work with development projects. This may bring you into contact with consultants, project teams and project managers. Whilst you may not manage specific projects is important that you understand both the technical and managerial aspects of project management. This will ensure that you and your organisation can make an informed contribution to the projects and can monitor implementation and outcomes. This guide has the follow ing sections: Chapter 1: Technical aspects to project management What is a project? What is project management? Project stakeholders T he project life cycle Defining the project o Defining the project scope o Creating the work breakdown structure o Estimating cost and developing budget Constructing a project network plan o Project schedule Chapter 2. Managerial aspects of project management Project manager Project risk management Project communication management Project quality management Chapter 1. Technical aspects to project management What is a project? A project is an assignment/task/job that has to be undertaken and completed within a set time, budget, resources and performance specifications designed to meet the needs of stakeholder and beneficiaries For example The Canadian International Donor Agency (CIDA) has donated R7. 5 million to provide RDP homes to 50 fam ilies living in the Joe Slovo inform settlement. On 6 February 2004, the agency al signed a contract with the Department of Housing to implem ent the project. The following requirem ents, am ongst others were set in the contract: 1. The RDP houses must meet specifications in line w ith government policy. 2. In order to ensure sustainability and affordability for the 50 families, the head of each of the 50 families m ust be given skills development training in sm business development and all small business start-up. This is to ensure that the families will be able to afford rentals, maintenance of the homes and to expand their hom to accommodate the grow th of the es families in the future. 3. The project m ust be completed within three years and the handover of the homes to the 50 families must be a high profile public event. From the example we see: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ a clear task build RDP homes for 50 families; a set time – within 3 years; a budget – R7. 5 million; performance specifications to meet the stakeholder needs – houses that meet the specifications in line with government policy, training for the head of each family; beneficiaries – 50 families; stakeholders – donor agency, Department of Housing What is project m anagement? Project Management is the use of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to plan and implement activities to meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations from a pr oject. Project stakeholders Project stakeholders are individuals and organisations who are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by the project. Key stakeholders in the example above include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Project Manager the individual responsible for managing the project; Project beneficiaries – 50 families who are going to receive the houses; Performing organisation – the Department of Housing whose employees are most directly involved in doing the work of the project; Sponsor – Canadian International Development Agency. In addition to these there are many different typical stakeholders: †¢ †¢ Suppliers and contractors – e. g. Construction companies, Skills development and education and training organisations, legal firms, events management company; Project team members and their families; †¢ †¢ Government agencies – e. g. local municipality. Community representatives and organisations The project life cycle Projects are usually divided into project stages (i. e. , definition, planning, execution and delivery stages) to provide better management and control. Collectively these project stages are known as the project life cycle. Figure 1-1 Project Life Cycle Definition Planning Execution Delivery Level of effort 1. Goals 2. Specifications 3. Tasks 4. Responsibil ities 5. Team s 1. Schedules 2. Budget s 3. Resources 4. Ri sks 5. Staffi ng 1. St atus report s 2. Changes 3. Qualit y 4. Forecasts 1. Train customer 2. Transfer document s 3. Release resources 4. Reassign staff 5. Lessons learned The project life cycle typically passe s through four stages, i. e. definition, planning, execution, and delivery. T he starting point begins the moment the project is given the go- ahead (when a contract agreement is signed). Project effort starts slowly, builds to a peak, and then declines to delivery of the pr oject to the customer. †¢ †¢ †¢ Definition stage – specifications of the project are defined, project objectives are established, project teams are formed and major responsibilities are assigned. Planning stage – plans are developed to determine the project steps, beneficiaries, timeframes, quality standards and budget. Execution stage – the major portion of the project work takes place – both physical and mental. Time, cost and specification measures are used for control. T he project managers have to ensure that the project is on schedule within the budget and meeting specifications. They have to also check if any changes are required Delivery stage – delivering the project pr oduct to the customer, may involve customer training and transferring documents. †¢ STAGE 1: Defining the project The three steps described below provide a planned approach for collecting the project information necessary for planning, scheduling and controlling the project. T hese are: Defining the project scope; Creating the work breakdown structure; Estimating costs and developing budgets. Defining the proj ect scope The project scope sets the stage for developing a project plan. It clearly states the project’s objectives and deliverables. Scope definition provides an administrative plan that is used to develop your operational plan, i. e. the plan for how you are going to run the project. Scope definition should be as br as possible, but complete. Poorly defined scope leads to project ief failure. The development of the scope must involve the project manager, sponsors, performing organisations and beneficiaries. SCOPE STA TEMENT Proj ect Obj ective To construct RDP homes for 50 families in the Joe Slovo informal settlement within 36 months at a cost not exceeding R 7,5 million. Deliverables †¢ 50 finished RDP homes as per specifications laid down by the Department of Housing †¢ Skills development and training for the head of each of the 50 families †¢ Hand over the finished homes to the 50 families at a high profile public event Milestones 1. Permits approved – 5 March 2004 2. Foundations poured – 28 January 2005 3. Bricklaying, shearing, plumbing, electrical and mechanical inspections passed – 4 July 2006 4. Final inspection of houses – 15 March 2007 5. 50 trainees receive training certificates – 15 December 2006 6. Handover to 50 families 21 March 2007 Technical Requirements 1. RDP homes must meet government specifications and local building codes 2. 50 trainees must receive recognised certificates after completion of training. Limits and exclusions DEFINITIONS Proj ect objectives T o define the major objectives of the project Deliverables T he expected outcomes over the life of the project – what is it that is going to be delivered Milestones A milestone is a significant event in a project that occurs at a point in time. The milestone schedule shows only major segments of work; it represents first, estimates of time, cost, and resources for the project. Milestones are important control points in the project. T hey should be easy for all project participants to identify. Technical Requirements A product or a service w have technical ill requirements to ensure proper performance Limits and Exclusions 1. T he homes will be built to the specifications and design of the original blueprints provided by the Department of Housing; 2. Contractors responsible for work done by subcontractors 3. Site work limited to Monday through Friday, 8:00am to 6:00pm Customer Rev iew Representative: Canadian International Development Agency Signature: T he limits of scope should be defined as they point to what can or cannot be done during the course of the project. Failure to do so can lead to unreasonable expectations and the wastage of resources and money. Rev iews with Customer Completion of the scope checklist ends with a review with your customer. In summary, close liaison with your customer is necessary to develop a project definition that meets all requirements of the customer. Clear scope definition ensures you will know when a change in scope occurs. A clear project scope definition is the most important requirement for development of your Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). Creating the work breakdown structure (WBS) Once the scope and deliverables have been identified, the work of the project can be subdivided into smaller work elements. T he outcome of this process is called the work breakdown structure. An example Final Project Deliverables Final insp ection of 50 RDP units Training completed High Profile Public event to hand over homes to Fixtures Electrical Appoint Ser vice Provi der f or s kills devel opment and training Appoint Ser vice provider f or events management Tender Process Plumbing Tender Process Shearing Brick laying Laying Foundati ons Approval of Permits Work Breakdown Structure Figure 1-3 All the elements/steps that make up WBS are called work packages. It is very useful as the structure clearly points to what has to be done and in what sequence (order). It divides the work and responsibility into individual work packages which makes it easy for the project manager to manage and monitor the implementation for the project by: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ making it possible to plan, schedule and budget; providing a framework for tracking and monitoring cost and work performance; defining communication channels; assisting in understanding and coordinating many parts of the project; pointing to problems and ensuring they are quickly addressed Estim ating cost and developing budgets Project status reports to stakeholders depend on reliable cost estimates and budgets. T he accuracy of the cost estimates are good w hen work packages are clearly defined, as in the WBS example above. At the work package level, estimates should be made by the people most familiar with the task. T hey will give an estimate based on their experience and best judgment. Here are typical kinds of costs found in a project: Direct costs – T hese costs are chargeable to individual work package in the WBS. o o o o Labour Materials Equipment Other Project Ov erhead Costs – represents project costs that cannot be tied to specific deliverable but serve the entire project. For example, a temporary shed may be set up that will be used to store tools and equipment of various contractors, host the training and the handing over function. General and Administrative (GA) ov erhead costs – these represent organisational costs incurred by the firm managing the project. GA overhead costs are usually allocated as a percentage of total direct cost and may vary from one project manager to another. The organisation of the budget into these three categories helps control the process and improve decision making. T he following is an example of a budget format: Direct Costs Obtaining permits Tendering Processes Building Contractors Laying Foundations Bricklaying Shearing Plumbing Electrical Fixtures Skills Development Training Contractors Events Managem ent Contractors Contingencies Project Overhead Costs Salaries: Project Manager team Temporary shed Travel General Administrative Costs 40% of Total Direct Cost GRAND TOTAL Rxxxxxx R xxxxx R xxxxx R xxxxx R xxxxx R xxxxx R xxxxx R xxxxx R xxxxx R xxxxx R xxxxx R xxxxx R xxxxx Rxxxxxx R xxxxxx R xxxxxx R xxxxxx Rxxxxxx R xxxxx Rxxxxxx STAGE 2: Planning Constructing a project network plan The project netw tool is used for planning, scheduling and monitoring project progress. The ork network is developed from the information collected for the WBS and is a graphic flowchart of the project job plan. The network shows the project activities that must be completed, the sequences (steps), the interdependencies (how individual steps rely on other steps for completion), and in most cases the times for the activities to start and finish along the longest path through the network – the critical path. The network is the framework that will be used by the project managers to make decisions concerning project time, cost and performance. Once the network is developed, it is very easy to modify or change when unexpected events occur as the project progresses. In summary, the network plan is used to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ schedule labour and equipment; enhance communication that brings together all managers and groups in meeting the time, cost, and performance objectives of the project; provide an estimate of the time the project will take (duration); give the times when activities can start or finish and when they can be delayed; provide the starting point for budgeting the cash flow (when money needs to be received and spent on various elements) of the project. Figure 1-4 Project Net ork Plan w Tendering Skills Training Plumbing Start Foundati on Bricklaying Electrical Fixtures Finish Sheathi ng Tendering Event management This project network plan clearly illustrates that: †¢ †¢ Plumbing, electrical and sheathing activities can occur at the same time after bricklaying is completed; Start – Foundation – Bricklaying – Electrical – Fixtures Finish is the longest path, (critical path) – if one of the activities on this path is delayed then the whole project will be delayed by the same amount of time. Proj ect schedule The project netw plan will assist in drawing up a project schedule which clearly defines each ork task, how long it will take, when it will start and finish. It is an important tool used by the project manager to track and monitor the implementation process. Below is an example of a project schedule. Task Name Start Organize Permits Lay Foundations Bricklaying Plumbing Electrical Sheathing Fixtures Final Inspection Tendering for T raining Skills T raining Tendering for events management Event Management Duration Start 6 Feb 2004 6 Feb 2004 24 March 2004 15 Feb 2005 4 Jan 2006 4 Jan 2006 4 Jan 2006 28 July 2006 1 Jan 2007 3 May 2006 3 July 2006 8 Jan 2007 1 March 2007 Finish 21 March 2007 5 March 2004 28 January 2005 30 Nov 2005 4 July 2006 4 July 2006 4 July 2006 29 Nov 2006 15 March 2007 28 June 2006 9 Jan 2007 28 Feb 2007 21 March 2007 1 days 233 days 207 days 130 days 130 days 130 days 89 days 54 days 41 days 139 days 38 days 21 days Chapter 2. Managerial aspects of project management This section looks at some important aspects that are central to the management of projects. For any project to be successful there has to be a good project manager who is able to provide leadership and bring together different teams to work towards a common objective. In addition to being able t o manage people and budgets the project manager must be able to: †¢ †¢ Identify potential risks and develop back up plans; Effectively communicate with all stakeholders; Ensure quality that meets the expectations of stakeholders Project m anager The project manager performs the same functions as other managers. T he project manager is unique because s/he manages temporary activities and is usually an outsider brought into a business or government department to implement a specific project. A project manager is generally expected to be the projects’ leader who needs to motivate and inspire people working on the project. Project managers are expected to organise resources to complete a project on time, on budget and within specification. They provide direction, coordination, and integration to the project team and are responsible for performance. When things go wrong the project manager’s job is to get the project back on track by working out ways to solve problems and serving as peacemaker when tensions arise. Depending on the nature of the project, there are a number of different groups outside the organisation that influence the success of the project. To be effective, a project manager must understand how these groups can affect the project and develop methods for managing the relationship. Project risk management Risk identification consists of determining which risks are likely to affect the project and documenting the characteristics of each. For example, the project manager in the RDP homes project has to look at each package within the WBS and work out what is likely to go wrong. Once this is done the project manager has to develop a plan of how each problem will be addressed. Risk identification is not a one-time event and should be performed on a regular basis throughout the project. Risk identification should address both internal and external risks. Internal risks are things that the project team can control or influence, such as the performance of contractors, material wastage etc. External risks are things beyond the control or influence of the project team, such as changes in the exchange rate, new government legislation, bad weather etc. A risk management plan should document the procedur that w be used to manage risk throughout es ill the project. Project communication m anagement Project communication management is about how communication is carried out during the course of the project. Good communication ensures that all stakeholders are regularly kept informed about progress and problems. Project communication management is made up of the following processes: †¢ Communications planning – determining the information and communication needs of the stakeholders: who needs what information, when will they need it, and how will it be given to them; Information distribution – making needed information available to project stakeholders in an accessible and timely manner; Performance reporting – collecting and disseminating performance information. This includes status reporting, progress measurement and forecasting; Administrative (Proj ect) Closure – generating, gathering, and disseminating information to for malise phase or project completion. †¢ †¢ †¢ Project quality m anagement It is of no use completing a project within the set time and budget if the final product is of poor quality. The project manager has to ensure that the final product meets the quality expectations of the stakeholders. T his is done by good: Quality planning – identifying what quality standards are relevant to the project and determining how to meet them; Quality Assurance – evaluating overall project performance on a regular basis to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards; Quality control – monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards and identifying ways to remove causes of poor performance.

Sleep Deprivation free essay sample

Sleep deprivation is a pattern of sleeping where an individual fails to get enough sleep during the night. On average, adults need seven to eight hours, were teens and children need an average of nine hours of sleep to feel well rested (1). Numerous literatures expand on the topic of sleep deprivation and the effects it has on the human body. This literature can be divided into three parts: 1) studies that show how sleep deprivation causes changes in learning, memory, and mood, 2) studies that show an association between REM sleep and learning/memory, and 3) studies that describe the various sleeping disorders and the treatments for them and strategies that can help. Changes in Learning, Memory, and Mood in Regards to Sleep Deprivation An article published by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine states one in five adults fail to get enough sleep during the night. Those who are sleep deprived show changes in mood, learning memory, and eventually see a decline in health. We will write a custom essay sample on Sleep deprivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Symptoms vary, but the most consistent are anxiety, lack of motivation, and some level of depression. Individuals may experience lack of concentration and energy as well as fatigue, restlessness, lack of coordination and poor decision-making. Sleep deprivation had been associated with and increase risk for high blood pressure, obesity, heart attacks, and diabetes (1). Recent studies have explored how sleep and mood are significantly linked. Trouble sleeping is identified by researchers to have an impact on mood and is one of the first symptoms of depression (2). Prior research done on sleep deprivation studied full time workers and concluded that workers who show signs of stress in the work place are more likely to have trouble sleeping (3). The same results are seen in people who study and work. They report their sleepiness worsens over the evening school hours. Results show the burden of college student’s carry when they have double activities, such as school and work (4). Other studies describe the negative effects associated with low levels of sleep, which includes lower stress threshold, impaired memory, concentrating problems, and decreased optimism. There is evidence that the lack of sleep is associated with mental and physical dysfunction (5). REM sleep and memory/learning are associated Many studies have shown that REM sleep can be linked to memory, which is collaborated with learning. One study found that when one was learning something new, the amount of REM sleep was increased during the night, and when the new â€Å"thing† was mastered, the amount of REM sleep returned back to normal. They also state that brain activity during sleep can be generalized across animals/species (6). Studies on rats have been conducted that link learning and sleep. Half of the rats were allowed REM sleep while the other half was deprived of REM sleep. All the rats were tested on the same maze over and over, the next day the rats that were allowed REM sleep were able to finish the maze, and get better times than the sleep deprived rats (7). People were also tested; they were tested on a series of recollection exercises. The test showed little alterations in the data. Next people were tested on explicit memory and emotion connected memory, they found that those kinds of memories were better remembered in people who slept rather than those deprived of REM sleep (8). Learning has to do with increased theta waves. There is a study that looked at brain activity while the day progressed, then that night the brain activity was also looked at, they found that similar brain activity was replicated from daytime activity and was found during REM sleep (9). The hippocampus and limbic system hold memories and learned information inside of them. During REM sleep, these signals are integrated into the brain where they can be organized and recollected later. Emotional memories are also better remembered than normal memories because there is an emotional link that can trigger the memory (10). These test and studies show that memory/learning is associated with REM sleep; these journals also state that there has not been a definite answer because there are so many other factors that can affect sleep, like sleeping disorders. Sleeping Disorders and the Suggested Treatments and Strategies Sleep deprivation is, more often than not, considered a sleeping disorder. Some other common disorders include insomnia and sleep apnea (2). A sleeping disorder is a broad term that sums up all problems with sleep (2). These problems include: troubling falling sleep, staying asleep, oversleeping, and abnormal sleeping behaviors. What most people do not understand is that most sleeping disorders can be dealt with without any form of treatment. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, the only sure way for an individual to overcome sleep deprivation is to get more sleep in a way that satisfies his or her biological sleep needs (1). The NHLBI gives several strategies for getting enough sleep, these include: consistent sleep routine/schedule on weekdays and weekends, avoiding strenuous activity an hour before bed, spending time outside or being physically active throughout the day, etc. (11). Addressing sleep problems on your own is the first step and usually makes a difference (2). If better sleeping strategies do not work, then a medical provider can been seen to perform an evaluation and diagnosis (2). As this review demonstrates, sleep deprivation is a simple concept, but yet a serious concern for many people. Almost all sleep related problems can be corrected either through individual efforts and strategies or by prescribed medication in more serious disorders. Studies and experiments are ongoing to find out more and more information about why sleep disorders and deprivation occur. The causes are not yet fully known but hopefully will be someday.