Isaiah verse 1.1-2.1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Isaiah verse 1.1-2.1 - Essay Example God expresses his anger towards those who try to bribe him using sacrifices that he may let them continue with their sins and save them from punishment. In the second chapter God goes beyond Judah and promises his judgment for the entire universe, promising the wicked anguish in a punishment that would purify the land of the wicked and save the just and righteous. God, through Isaiah, promises â€Å"the day of the Lord,† when those who are proud will be ashamed and suffer. There are questions concerning the authorship of the entire book of Isaiah, with some suggesting that it could have been contributed towards by different authors (Bratcher, 2015). However, the first and the second chapter show a clear flow of events, thus indicating that it was authored by one individual. The first verse of the first chapter of the book of Isaiah includes an addition of the editor aimed at identifying the prophet of God in the book and the circumstances that underlie his ministry. It is important to note that the name Isaiah means â€Å"the Lord’s salvation†, giving a glimpse of the mission of God towards saving his people, and clearly indicating that the people had turned away from God for them to need salvation (Young, 1992). The chapter involves a series of oracles that collected at different periods during the ministry of Isaiah. The people of Israel had lost their way and intended to establish alliances and political alignments with other nations that served pagan gods such as Egypt and Assyria (Kickert, 2009). God sent Isaiah to speak God’s voice among the people of Israel to remind them of their origin, and what God expected of them. In this first chapter, Isaiah used animals such as Ox and Ass considering their stubbornness and stupidity to define the failure of the Israelites to heed the voice of God. Israel was a term that was used by various prophets

Effect of Oil Price on Kuwait Stock Market Index Dissertation

Effect of Oil Price on Kuwait Stock Market Index - Dissertation Example In any country, the fact of presence or absence of oil will always have an effect on the lives of the people because there are different values that people cannot overlook in the establishing of an economy of the country. Oil in many countries in the world is the idea behind industrialization and development of transport systems, which are important aspects of life of the lives of the people. For this reason, oil in any economy has a crucial role because it influences the productivity of the different companies and organisations greatly, either in direct or indirect ways. This essentially means that every country in the world depends on oil as a source of energy to that enhances their production and growth in different perspectives because its prices affects the amount of products a company can have. The analysis of the importance of change in oil prices on the stock market of any country is possible because stock markets depend on the industrialisation and various factors that influ ence the people. The research will focus on the Kuwait Stock Market Indices and it will seek to establish the relationships that exist between the two factors of the economy (Arouri, Jawadi, and Nguyen, 137). Kuwait as a producer of oil, industries in the country have ease of access of the product because it is availed to them through other refinery companies that operate within the country. However, the issue comes in when prices rise or fall because it influences the home and foreign companies.... In this research, there will be two hypotheses; null hypothesis, which will be that Kuwait stock market index, is not affected by change in oil prices and the alternate hypothesis will be that the Kuwait Stock market index is heavily affected by change in oil prices. The Scope of the research The research will be restricted to Kuwait stock market index but to enable a comparison, the research will review the literature of the some previous researches in other oil producing countries’ stock markets indices. The research will rely on that information from different research to come up with an objective view of the idea of the influence of oil prices on the Kuwait Stock Market. Research Objective To establish the relationship between the trend of oil prices and those of Kuwait stock market indices Significance of Study The research will be used to inform the factors that cause change in indices in the stock market and will be used to make recommendations on the various things tha t the government can implement so that they can prevent losses in the stock market. The findings of this research will be important to the investors who would like to invest or who have invested in the Kuwait Stock Markets because it will give them a means to predict the indices at different times of the year. The research will be important to different banking institutions because they will be able to understand the various effects of rending money to their customers so that they can ensure ease of repayments. Literature Review In any country, the fact of presence or absence of oil will always have an effect on the lives of the people because there are

Societal Trends Affect Employment Business Essay

Societal Trends Affect Employment Business Essay HRP is the process by which an organization ensures that it has the right number and kinds of people, at the right places, at the right time and that these people are capable of performing their tasks effectively and efficiently. This helps the organization to achieve its overall objectives. Two major ways in which societal trends affect employment is through consumer markets, which affect the demand for goods and services, and labour markets, which affect the supply of people needed to produce goods and services. Maintaining a flexible workforce is the major challenge of the HR department and HRP helps it handle this challenge. HRP is done at different levels corporate, intermediate, and operations levels and for short-term activities. A proper human resource planning exercise should utilize the inputs of all the departments in the organization and enjoy the support of the top management. A human resource professional would be better equipped for human resource planning if he has a good understanding of the market dynamics, changes in the economy,organizational processes and technological developments. The process of HRP involves three key steps assessing and making an inventory of the current human resources, forecasting the organizations human resource needs and matching the demand and supply of human resources. Forecasting the overall human resource requirements involves studying the factors affecting the supply and estimating the increase or decrease in the external and internal supply of human resources. New hires, transfers-in, individuals returning from leave etc. increase the internal supply of human resources, while retirements, dismissals, transfers-out of the unit, lay-off, voluntary quits, sabbaticals, prolonged illness, and deaths reduce the supply. Part 1 Strategic importance or current, future anticipated HR Requirement Strategies concerns for hiring people at time of requirement and laying them off when they are not required. This strategy argument distinguish between personnel and the human resources. Human Resource Requirement is to control labour costs, looking for the talented labours or employees, making informed business decisions and assessing the future market risks. The important work of the HR people is too place right people for the right job at a right time and with the right price which an organization can afford because the employees are the main assets of the organization. H.R people plans that what the organization will need with his employees and those employees can meet the needs or the target of an organizations. The major problem now is faced by the H.R people is that this may create the gap between the organizations demand and the availability of the workforce supply, the organization is going to develop new strategies or approaches to close these gaps. Strategies as per the H.R Requirements Environment Scan Environment Scanning is a form of business intelligence. If the environment of the organization is in good, then it is easy for the new worker to mix up with the environment of the work, and it is going to help the organization that the employee or worker is giving his/her fullest working skills. Current Workforce Profile Current State is a profile of the demand and supply factors both internally and externally of the workforce the organization has today. Future Workforce View H.R people look towards the future organization that what all the requirements they need for the organization, what all the demand of the market, what sought of trend is going to be there, what will be the requirement of the employees at what price or the requirement of some other resources which may help to improve in the workforce in future and creates much better Working Environment of an organization. As well thinking about the Quantitative and Qualitative of the product and as well as for the employees.(It may be Internal or External demand and supply) Closing the Gaps The major work of the H.R people is to close gaps between the management and the employees, so that the easy flow of working can be there which will help to the organization for achieving its goals. H.R people work is to motivate the workers and employees at time of they needed, it can be in terms of money or as per the requirement of the employee or worker which an organization can easily provide while looking to the past performance of the employee. There are other things which an organization required to close those gaps, those are Resourcing, Learning and Development, Remuneration, Industrial Relations, Recruitment, Retention, Knowledge Management, Job design. HR Planning impacts on the Strategic Plan Integrating human resource management strategies and systems to achieve the overall mission, strategies, and success of the firm while meeting the needs of employees and stakeholders. (Source: Herman Schwind, Hari Das and Terry Wagar, Human Resource Management: A Strategic Approach) As per the HR plan for the Strategic Plans it may Positive or Negative too for an organizations, but we are going to discussed on the positive side of the impacts on the strategic plan. Strategy Development Develop strategies for workforce transition. -List specific goals to address workforce competency gaps or surpluses. -Changes in organizational structure -Succession planning -Retention programs -Recruitment plans -Career development programs -Leadership development -Organizational training and employee development. These are the developments which are going to impact on the organization with the help of HR planning in the strategic plan, these plans may be for the future or the current plans as per the requirements of the organization. Part 2 Human resources are the participants as also the beneficiaries of economic development process. In that, human resources figure on the demand as well as the supply side of production of goods and services in the economy. On the demand side, goods and services produced are used by the human beings to alleviate poverty, improve health, generate better living conditions, enhance general educational levels and provide better facilities for training. Utilisation of goods and services thus leads to an improvement of quality of human resources. On the supply side, human resources and capital form essential ingredients of production systems which transform natural and physical resources into goods and services. Complementarity between human resources and capital is so close that optimal increases in output and hence optimal economic growth is not possible through increases in one of them either human resources or capital at the cost of the other.Some growth of course can be had from the increase in more conventional capital even though the labour that is available is lacking both in skill and knowledge. But the rate of growth will be seriously limited. It simply is not possible to have the fruits of modern agriculture and the abundance of modern industry without making large investments in human beings . There is an optimal ratio of human resources to capital which has to be maintained to reach the attainable rate of economic growth. In this Unit we will take into account the two dimensions of human resources: Quantity and Quality in context of HRP in general and also in tourism. Quantitative and Qualitative on the basis of legal requirement of Human Resource Planning Human being is looked as productive power which is one of the part of the population of an economy and another one the human being those are without any productive power. Population Population of a country, in a generic sense, is taken as constituting the totality of all human beings of the country. The concept of population, viewed in this manner, appears to be very simple. However, in reality, the definitions used vary not only from country to country but even within a country depending on the purpose of enquiry. Broadly, the definitions of population used may be categorised into de facto and de ju re. Human resources being an integral part of population, the growth of human resources is depend on the growth of population. Population growth is measure by three factors: population structure, migration and population policies. Age Composition Age composition means dividing the population by age groups, usually five year age groups. At some point of time it shows the results of the past trends in mortality and in fertility. In the computation rate of growth of population, future births are usually computed by applying five year age specific fertility rates to the women of child bearing age (10 to 49 years) at the midpoint of each five-years time interval. It is useful in analysing and in computing of the labour supply. Normally the active age-group is being considered to be 15 to 65 years. Migration Another factor which causes changes in population is the net migration. If the net migration is positive, the population rise at a rate faster than the indicated by natural growth. If the net migration is negative then it causes decline in the rate of growth indicated by the natural growth. If population changes then it doesnt cause changes as such in the human resources. Rather than change in the economical active component of population which affects the growth in the human resources. In terms of economic activity classification, population may be divided into workers and non-workers. Workers are defined as a person who actively participate in the productive work by mentally or physically presence. It includes not only the actual work but also includes effective direction and supervision. The non workers is being categorised as : beggars, retired person, full-time students, infants and dependent doing no work, persons engaged in household duties, renters living on rent on an agricultural or non-agricultural royalty, vagrants and others with unspecified sources of income, inmates of penal, charitable and metal institutions, unemployed but available for work, and others. Labour force is that segment of population whose work is to produce goods and services demanded by the whole population they are known as economically active population also, Usually they are aged between 15-64 years. However, not everyone in the productive age-group is effectively in the labour force. According to the accepted definition, labour force comprises all persons of either sex who furnish the supply of labour available for the production of economic goods and services including:employers, employees, self-employed persons, and those engaged in family enterprises without pay. Education and Training Education and training is the most affective quality of the human resources in the terms of skills and knowledge. Educational labour demand is more than the uneducated labour in the market. Education and training serve both social and individuals ends. Education and Training affects on the culture and social for the up gradation of an individual. In other words training and education for the society means to take advantage of the technology which helps in the furthering technological progress. Depending on the methods of imparting knowledge and skills, education and training may be classified into two types: Formal and Informal. Formal education and training, which is imparted through schools and colleges, emphasises transfer of knowledge. Informal education and training such as on-the-job training and hereditary training lays stress on transfer of skills, i.e., practical application of knowledge. As far as development of education and training is concerned there are five choice areas which are critical: Choice between science and technology on the one hand, and on the other hand liberal and humanities. Choice between quality and quantity in education and training. Choice between level of education such as higher, secondary and primary education. Choice between market forces and incentives to attract people into some occupations. Choice between the aspirations of individuals and needs of the society. Health and Nutrition Health and nutrition status is one of the most important status for an human resource as significantly they contribute in building and maintaining a productive human ability as well as improving in the average expectation of life and a quality of life. There are three determinants of health status: Public sanitation, climate and availability of medical facilities. Peoples knowledge and understanding of health hygiene and nutrition. Education, health and nutrition are inter-linked and they complement each other in the process of human resources development. Equality of Opportunity Investments in human resources development do not always ensure proportionate development of all sections of population. In the absence of deliberate policy intervention, there are bound to be discriminations. We can say that there are three distinct forms of discriminations which are relevant to developing nations: Social discrimination may take either the form of sex discrimination or discrimination among different social groups or both. For example, a few years back the air hostesses of a particular airlines petitioned in the court because their retirement age was earlier than of their male counterparts. The court upheld their petition and now the retirement age of both male and female air hostesses is same. Economic discrimination takes place largely among groups of population belonging to different economic strata classified in terms of either income generating assets. Regional discrimination can be in the form of either discrimination between rural and urban population or discrimination among population belonging to different regions. These three forms of discriminations individually and/or jointly lead to inequality of opportunities of varying degree among different sections of population. Discrimination of any form causes differential access to education and training, and health and nutrition. This in turn leads to differences in quality and productivity of human resources belonging to different segments of the population with the privileged benefiting the most and under privileged being deprived of their due share in the development process. Opportunity costs of discrimination are very high, as it leads to many social and economic evils apart from retarding the pace of economic development. It has been demonstrated that the national output can be further expanded by improving the average level of productivity of each individual through appropriate social and economic policies directed towards equality to opportunity in the fields of education and health. Tourism has long been recognised as a tool for economic growth and development. However, it can be beneficial to the host economies when it creates jobs for the locals. Here qualitative dimensions of HRD become an important factor for education and training of local population as per the requirements of responsible tourism development. The dimensions, attributes and distribution of population the product of whose labour adds to national wealth constitute human resources. They are thus, the participants and beneficiaries of economic development. The demographic profile, migration and mobility and participation patterns in economic activity determine the quantitative aspects of actual and potential human resources. Investments in education and training, health and nutrition, and social welfare and quality promote quality of human resources through enhanced labour productivity. While quantitative and qualitative dimensions only regulate supply of human resources, the other aspect of human resources planning namely the demand for human resources crucially depends on the functioning and flexibility of labour markets. Labour market analysis is a principal instrument of human resources planning, as it helps identify skill shortages and also enables a diagnosis of market failure to match labour supply with demand. To facilitate labour market analysis, there is a need for a comprehensive and regularly updated labour market information system. The variables for determining the quantitative and qualitative dimension of human resource planning are: Quantitative Population policy, Population structure, Migration, and Labour force participation. Qualitative Education and training, Health and nutrition, and Equality of opportunity. These all are the points which directly or indirectly relates to the current legal requirements of the HR persons, which they had to consider while recruiting the people that what is going on in the market (in terms of population in there country, in terms of education and skills, health of the employee, age factors) Process for recruiting and selection of new staff The recruiting and selection of new staff is very sensitive because if HR people recruits any wrong person that can affect great loss to an organization and on the other hand if the recruitment is being done properly and HR people recruits right person for the right job then he/she will be useful or profitable for an organisation as well as the person who can achieve the targets of an organisation. Recruitment process can be done internally or externally that is online, telephonic, face to face interviews, exams related to the job profile. There are many ways for recruiting are as follows: Internal or External recruitment is being done. Successful Internal Recruitment. Referral Recruitment. Opening Job Position. HRM role at job interview. The attractive internal or external job poster. External Recruitment. ~ External Recruitment Success factors. ~ External Recruitment Channels. ~ Corporate website as a external recruitment job positioning tool. ~ External Recruitment Process Key Issues. ~ External Recruitment: Recruitment Agencies. ~ Setting KPIs for recruiting agencies. ~ Direct Search: The premiere external recruitment service. ~ Job Market Analysis. ~ Basic External Recruitment Measures. ~ Job website based external recruitment. ~ External Recruitment Competitive Advantage. General Recruitment ~ SWOT Analysis ~ Recruitment sources ~ Recruitment marketing ~ What is War for Talents? ~ Recruitment Strategy ~ Recruitment Strategy of differentiate ~ Recruitment Process Future ~ Recruitment Process Key Issues ~ Defining recruitment strategy ~ Best Performing Recruitment Source ~ Cost of the Recruitment Internal Recruitment ~ Internal Recruitment Benefits ~ Internal Recruitment Process Weaknesses ~ Internal versus External Job Candidates ~ Right Internal Recruitment Job Posting Job Resume ~ Quick selection of Job Resumes in Graduates Campaigns ~ Job Resume Components to Observe The Job Interview ~ Job Interview Role ~ Job Interview Preparation ~ HRM Job Interview Questions Recruitment Process Design and Developments ~ What to find out before recruitment process design? ~ Designing Recruitment Process: Recruitment Measures ~ Simple Recruitment Process wins ~ Main Recruitment Process steps ~ Recruitment Analysis ~ Recruitment Process Outsourcing [(http://hrmadvice.com/hrmadvice/hr-processes/recruitment-and-selection.html) HRM Advice,  © 2008 HRM advice] Main steps for the recruitment process are as follows:- Job Design Opening Job position. Collecting job resumes. Pre-selection of job resumes Job Interviews Job Offer [(http://hrmadvice.com/hrmadvice/hr-processes/recruitment-and-selection/recruitment-process-design-and-development/main-recruitment-process-steps.html) HRM Advice,  © 2008 HRM advice ] Part 3 The effects of the organisation environment on staff The organisation environment is being created by the organisation members itself therefore, the organisation environment effects on the staff and labour too, this includes in the internal environment of the organisation. If any of the staff is not working properly in any of the department then, it creates bad environment in the organisation, if that particular person is been not checked by his/her seniors, then while looking that particular person others also became lazy which is not good for an organisation, it may lead to the failure to achieve the goals and targets of an organisation. As some one had rightly said that, in bunch of apple if any of the apple is spoiled and it has been not throne then it spoils the whole bunch. The organisation environment effects the staff to do not achieve the organisation goals when the organisation is not providing the affective raw material to work out like the machinery, the area where the employees are going to work out, raw material are not available at the time of requirement, these all are the hindrance while achieving any goal of an organisation. There are many ways which effects the organisation environment are as follows: Person and Knowledge People those are working in an organization they should be correct skilled or knowledge people for the correct work, the age of the people affects the outcome of the work and in an department the mix people should be included as the experience people with the new people. Materials and Tools The quality and quantity of the input materials must be provided to an employees to easily work without wasting time on the collecting of materials e.g. pencil, scale, providing of the internet. The tools can be used for the labour people that the tools must working under the good condition if any requirement is there that should be told earlier to labour supervisor. Equipments The equipments must be up to the date and fit for the purpose. e.g. Assignment is being given the faculty and in the college no books are available for an particular assignment if it is available then the books are not in good condition to read out and understand it, therefore it is difficult to prepare a good and effective assignment, which leads to fail to achieve a goal. Employees motivation is also affects to an organisation, if the employees were not motivated properly at time of the motivation then it may lead to the failure of an organisation to achieve goals which affects to the environment of an organisation which affects to the other departments and at the end the environment affects on the productivity of an organisation which fails the whole process of an organisation. The Work life balance issue and the changing pattern of work practices 1) Meet needs of expansion / downsizing programmes. 2) Nature of present workforce in relation with Changing Environment helps to cope with changes in competitive forces, markets, technology, products and government regulations. 3) Cater to Future Personnel Needs. 4) Each Organisation needs personnel with necessary qualifications, skills, knowledge, experience aptitude. 5) Meet manpower shortages due to labour turnover. 6) Need for Replacement of Personnel -Replacing old, retired or disabled personnel. Shift in demand from ERP to internet programming has increased internet programmers assess staffing levels to avoid unnecessary costs. reduce delays in procuring staff. prevent shortage / excess of staff quantify job for producing product / service. comply with legal requirements determine future staff-mix quantify people positions required In organisational development, succession planning is the process of identifying and preparing suitable employees, through mentor, training and job rotation, to replace key personnel within an organisation if they leave. All employers need to consider the issue of succession planning to ensure that no part of the business is at risk should a particular member of staff leave the organisation. With good succession planning, employees are ready for new leadership roles as the need arises. Moreover, when someone leaves, a current employee is ready to step up to the plate. In addition, succession planning can help develop a diverse workforce, allowing decision makers to look at the future make-up of the organisation as a whole. Develop a succession plan for internal replacements, and if you will need to hire, think about the type of person or skills you will need so that if the situation arises you have already done some of the groundwork. In your succession plan you may wish to consider: staff interchange where employees swap jobs within the organisation in order to have experience in multiple positions; formal or informal mentor arrangements; coaching of staff; identification of suitable professional development activities for high-performing staff; making agreements to introduce flexible working arrangements; creating forward-thinking internal promotion policies; supporting staff to take increased responsibility; the allocation of higher-grade duties or assignments. Part 4 Process Steps There are four main grievance process steps: discovery, conciliation, internal review and arbitration. Discovery It means the date when the member raised any grievance against the any member or his/her senior, or it may be reasonably discovered, that particular circumstance leads to the grievance. Conciliation In this the grievance between faculty member and the board sitting in the lowest administrative is being tried to resolved as soon as possible, this is the informal effort before filing for the formal grievance. This is being assisted by a FA-appointed campus conciliator. Internal Review Hearing A informal meeting is being called by president, or the presidents designee. The president listens to the grievance, the responding administrator and their representatives as they address the allegations contained in a timely Notice of Grievance that has been filed with the District. The president writes an Internal Review Hearing decision regarding the Notice of Grievance allegations. Arbitration Hearing Before the formal hearing the arbitrator choose seven candidates from the list those are supplied by the State Conciliation Service. Both parties and all testimony as witnesses is under oath by Legal counsel. After reviewing evidence, testimony and argument briefs from both parties, the arbitrator renders a written decision that is binding on both parties. Discipline issues that result in dismissals Disciplinary and grievance procedures provide a clear and transparent framework to deal with difficulties which may arise as part of their working relationship from either the employers or employees perspective. Informal oral warning is given to the minor and not part of the formal disciplinary procedure. Formal oral warning Written warning or sometimes second time written warning. Final written warning Dismissal While given the previous warning there is effect and misconduct continues then we should move on to the next stages of the procedure. If misconduct is serious but falls short of the misconduct, then other options are transfer the worker to another job non payment of bonuses demotion Dismissal When the severest problem occurs then the dismissal is required. While giving warning it should be clear that the repetition of misconduct will be the dismissal. The dismissal can be done without giving any notice at time of the gross misconduct by the any person or pay in lieu of notice but we must try to follow the procedure. We can suspend a worker on a full pay but the investigation is being carried out. In employment contract the allowing provision of suspension is an good idea. The suspension should be made on the proper and reasonable cause and it should be used at the time of extreme and it shows that before we had consider the alternative procedure of transfer.(http://www.is4profit.com/business-advice/employment/handling-grievance-and-discipline-procedures/types-of-disciplinary-action.html , is4profit, copyright ©2000-2010 is4profit) The role of the Acas Code of Practice The Acas Code of Practice Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures was revised to reflect the removal of the statutory procedures and a new version came into force on 6 April 2009. CIPD endorses the Code. Following it is crucially important for employers: an employment tribunal will consider whether the employer has followed the Code and, if they have not, then the tribunal may adjust any awards made by up to 25% for unreasonable failure to comply. In situations where the trigger event occurs on or after 6 April 2009, an employment tribunal will consider whether the employer has followed the Acas Code and, if they have not, then the tribunal may adjust any awards made by up to 25% for unreasonable failure to comply. CIPD members can find out more on the content of the Code, the legal aspects of this topic and likely future developments from our FAQ on Discipline and grievances procedures in the Employment Law at Work area of our website. Disciplinary policy and practice Using the disciplinary process There are two main areas where a disciplinary system may be used: capability/performance and conduct. Capability/performance It happens that the performance of the employee is not up to the mark in the work place, at that time also the employer faces many difficulties and at that time employer can take some harsh steps against the employee. Many employers will have a specific capability procedure to deal with such matters and it is good that the employers deals with this issue without addressing formally, and when it arise, and the informal options are being exhausted and there is no alternative of it then the managers enter to the formal disciplinary or capability procedure. Situations where an individual is unable to do their job because of ill-health may also fall into this category. In these instances an employee should be dealt with sympathetically and offered support. However, unacceptable levels of absence could still result in the employer making use of warnings. Conduct If an employee behavior is continuously misconducting in sought of failure to follow reasonable instructions of the managem

Richard Marcinko :: essays research papers

Richard Marcinko A brilliant virtuoso of violence, Richard Marcinko rose through the Navy ranks to create and command one of America's most elite and classified counterterrorist units, Seal Team Six. Then Marcinko was given orders to create Red Cell, a team of the best counterterrorists, whose job was to check the security of the military's top installations. Richard Marcinko was the ultimate rogue warrior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, born Thanksgiving Day, 1940, Marcinko was from a poor, broken home. He was always very independent, having a paper route at five and cutting school classes regularly. At the age of fifteen, he got a job at a local restaurant. At the age of seventeen, he quit school and joined the Navy. After two years as a teletype clerk, he convinced his Commanding Officer to send him to UDT, Underwater Demolition Team, training.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later, in June 1966, he joined Seal Team Two and went to Vietnam. He served two tours there and came back a decorated war hero. After his return to the United States, he became Commanding Officer of Seal Team Two, where he served for eight years. Then, he came up with the idea of the Navy's first counterterrorist unit, Seal Team Six.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, the most important contribution Richard Marcinko made was his idea of Seal Team Six. Seal Team Six was created as part of the CounterTerrorist Joint Task Force, a group which includes one elite unit each from the Navy, the Army, and the FBI. Marcinko was given permission and unlimited expenses from the Pentagon to create this highly elite group. He was then named Commanding Officer of Seal Team Six, which he served as for three years. This elite unit has went on classified missions from Central America to the Middle East, the North Sea, Africa, and beyond. Then Marcinko was given orders to create Red Cell. Red Cell's job was to check the security of the military's top facilities and installations. It was made up of the twelve best counterterrorists in the world. After going to several facilities and proving the security was terrible,

Great Expectations Notes on Guilt Essay

In analysing Great Expectations, Dorothy Van Ghent maintains that there are two kinds of crime that drive the moral plot of the novel: the crime of parent against child and the calculated social crime â€Å"of turning the individual into a machine†. Thus, in the same way that the parent or the parent figure abuses the child, social authority also participates in creating parents who participate in the dehumanization of the children. (sons heir of fathers sin, repeat in society over n over) Van Ghent puts forward many of her ideas in an extremely extravagant, descriptive and floury manner, which at times is difficult to follow. I feel that Van Ghent approaches `Great Expectations` from a mainly`Psychoanalytical literary criticism approach`, because her analysis of the text is primarily concerned with the idea of feelings, desires and guilt that Pip carries and because guilt and desire are repressed by Pip they can only appear indirectly in the text. In Great Expectations Pip`s repressed guilt and †¦.occur and appear indirectly through. Van Ghent identifies a psychic context for Great Expectations in which I feel she focuses on Pip`s psycho drama competing desires of trying to redeem himself of sins (his and his fathers) and of wanting to attain the status of being a gentleman and no longer being coarse and common. I feel this represents a psychoanalytical approach because these issues frame Van Ghent analysis, above the significance of the social, historical or other contexts which could be used by critics. Van Ghent focuses on the â€Å"unconscious motives and feelings of a character (Pip) depicted in the text† – one of the psychoanalytical theorists do (P100 Beginning theory)

Fashion: Color and Type Your Response

Components of Fashion The Lesson Activity will help you meet these educational goals: Content Knowledge? You will define the key components of fashion: the elements of design and the principles of design. Inquiry? You will conduct online research, in which you will collect information and communicate your results in written form. 21st Century Skills ? You will apply creativity and innovation. Directions You will evaluate these activities yourself.Please save this document before ginning the lesson and keep the document open for reference during the lesson. Type your answers directly in this document for all activities. Self-checked Activities Read the instructions for the following activities and type in your responses. At the end of the lesson, click the link to open the Student Answer Sheet. Use the answers or sample responses to evaluate your own work. Color Wheel a. Use watercolors or water-based gels for this activity.First, take the three primary lord and mix them to make the s econdary colors. Then, mix the primary and the secondary colors to get the tertiary colors. From among the primary, secondary, and tertiary colors, list four warm colors and four cool colors. Apply a few strokes of the mixed colors on paper and scan the paper for submission. Type your response here: On back b. Choose one of the primary colors and use it to make shades and tints. C.Using the shades and tints created in part b, submit sketches or images of two armaments with the shades for bottom wear and the tints for top wear. The garments should have a focal point, vertical lines, and curved lines. Also, name the silhouettes used in each garment. How did you do? Check a box below. Nailed included all of the same ideas as the model response on the Student Answer Sheet. Halfway There?I included most of the ideas in the model response on the Student Not Great?I did not include any of the ideas in the model response on the Student

Free Essays on D-Day

Under Adolf Hitler the German empire extended from Russia to the west, to France on the east. Germany controlled much of Europe except for Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, and Sweden (Keegan 1). Hitler’s army’s gained control of much of Europe during the years of 1939 through 1941. It was not until December 11th 1941 that Hitler declared war on the United States. Soon afterward, Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed supreme commander in charge of planning the invasion of Europe. American invasion planners were in favor of an attack across the English Channel that would defeat the German army in the west and later, push into the German capital of Berlin. The allied plan would be a land attack, supported by air power and navy. The attack, if successful, would mark the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler referred to his western defenses as the â€Å"Atlantic Wall†(Jennys 1). The British under Prime Minister Winston Churchill, had an invasion plan before the United States got into the war. When the United States entered the war, a plan to attack the German forces from England was talked about again. The Germans knew that they would have to defend their Atlantic Wall, since they knew that an attack would probably come across the English Channel. Even though England was bombed day and night, Germany was unable to defeat them. One major problem in defending the ‘Atlantic Wall† was â€Å"no single supreme German commander in the west† was named to command the army (Badsey 25). Instead, Hitler had two commanders in Western Europe, Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt and Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. Rundstedt and Rommel could not agree on how best to defend an invasion from England. Rommel believed that the strongest German forces should be positioned a long the Normandy coastline. While Rundstedt believed that the allies would best be defeated by holding back a large central army in an effective counter attack (Jennys 1). ... Free Essays on D-day Free Essays on D-day Under Adolf Hitler the German empire extended from Russia to the west, to France on the east. Germany controlled much of Europe except for Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, and Sweden (Keegan 1). Hitler’s army’s gained control of much of Europe during the years of 1939 through 1941. It was not until December 11th 1941 that Hitler declared war on the United States. Soon afterward, Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed supreme commander in charge of planning the invasion of Europe. American invasion planners were in favor of an attack across the English Channel that would defeat the German army in the west and later, push into the German capital of Berlin. The allied plan would be a land attack, supported by air power and navy. The attack, if successful, would mark the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler referred to his western defenses as the â€Å"Atlantic Wall†(Jennys 1). The British under Prime Minister Winston Churchill, had an invasion plan before the United States got into the war. When the United States entered the war, a plan to attack the German forces from England was talked about again. The Germans knew that they would have to defend their Atlantic Wall, since they knew that an attack would probably come across the English Channel. Even though England was bombed day and night, Germany was unable to defeat them. One major problem in defending the ‘Atlantic Wall† was â€Å"no single supreme German commander in the west† was named to command the army (Badsey 25). Instead, Hitler had two commanders in Western Europe, Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt and Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. Rundstedt and Rommel could not agree on how best to defend an invasion from England. Rommel believed that the strongest German forces should be positioned a long the Normandy coastline. While Rundstedt believed that the allies would best be defeated by holding back a large central army in an effective counter attack (Jennys 1). ... Free Essays on D-day In the early hours of June 6, 1944, American, British, and Canadian troops landed on the coast of Normandy to begin Operation Overlord. There were five drop zones who’s code names were Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Americans troops invaded Utah and Omaha Beach. US troops quickly secured Utah Beach while at Omaha Beach things did not go so well. US troops suffered heavy casualties in just a few hours but by nightfall they had managed to clear the bluffs covering the beach. British and Canadian troops were to invade Gold, Juno, and Sword Beach and were met with much less resistance. The preparation for D-Day took a long time. Gathering and transporting tanks on shores and the movement of thousands of men and their weapons proved to be quite difficult. The plan called for almost 6,500 ships and landing crafts, which would land nearly 200,000 vehicles and 600,000 tons of supplies in the first three weeks of the operation. The invasion would also involve more than 13,000 fighters, bombers, and transport planes. D-Day was previously scheduled for May 1, but was postponed to June 5 to make more landing crafts available, but was again moved to June 6. This was because of the bad weather conditions that occurred on June 5. General Eisenhower was named Supreme Allied Commander with General Montgomery as land force commander of Operation Overlord. As the ships traveled across the dark English Channel, men lied crammed on their bunks reading, sleeping, playing poker, and some men dealing with sea-sickness. The German High Commander had no clue about the attack that was about to happen and left for his wife’s birthday. Also, many of his senior commanders were away as well. When the Allies began their invasion, the German response was bewildered and uncertain. They awoke to see the Allied armada coming toward them. More than 1,000 transports dropped paratroopers to secure the flanks and beach exits of the assault a... Free Essays on D-Day INTRODUCTION Imagine if you will. Go back in time to June 5th, 1944 to a place known as England. You’re a British citizen use to hearing the sounds of war. These sounds include heavy transport vehicles, marine vessels and airplanes. It is nighttime and you have suddenly been awakened by louder than normal sounds. You step out of your house for a moment and to your surprise you see in the air, more planes than you ever thought existed. You wipe your eyes and focus on the mass. Through the darkness, you notice U.S. and British planes flying together in formation. This great site of combined military might means only one thing. Invasion! Feelings of pride, hope and cohesion among you and your countrymen replace those of uncertainty, fear and failure. Overjoyed, you return to your house and try to get some sleep. The next morning, June 6th, 1944, you awake extra early, anticipating some kind of national announcement. Just after 9:00am you hear your anticipation. â€Å" Under the command of General Eisenhower, Allied naval forces supported by strong air forces began landing Allied armies this morning on the coast of France.† Moments later the rest of the world knew. Invasion! PLANNING THE INVASION The origination of D-Day planning is thought to have happened in Dunkirk in 1940. Winston Churchill had had a meeting with Lord Louis Mountbatten. There, Churchill requested Mountbatten to begin planning for a distant offensive. Russia and America joined forces with Britain, what was once a distant offensive wasn’t quite so distant after all. In January 1943, Churchill met with Roosevelt at Casablanca to appoint Gen. F.E. Morgan as joint staff of COSSAC, Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander. The choice of a Supreme Commander would come later. For six months COSSAC studied the coasts of Europe, Allied/German forces that might be joined in battle, and technical details of the project. From this intense...

How To Use The Psychology Of Habit Formation To Be A Better Marketer

How To Use The Psychology Of Habit Formation To Be A Better Marketer Has your smartphone ever beeped or vibrated to let you know that something, some piece of information or message, is waiting, just for you? Without even thinking, you read, listen to, or watch, and become completely absorbed in it. How have these pieces gained so much power over our behavior and attention? How do software companies hook us, and what can marketers learn from this phenomenon? Today’s guest is Nir Eyal, who says today’s smartest companies have melded psychology, business, and technology into habit-forming products. Nir is the best-selling author of Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. He’s an angel investor and expert in behavioral design. He unveils some psychological principles behind some of today’s biggest and most valuable companies. Skill of the century is the ability to cultivate focus Behavioral Design: Products that are most engaging and habit forming were built with consumer psychology in mind People use the Hooked model to engage with a product or service Step 1: Internal trigger (reason why you use a product to modulate your mood, to feel something different; products and services cater to emotional discomfort) What’s the user’s itch? What’s their pain point that occurs frequently enough to build a habit around? Step 2: Action (the simplest behavior done in anticipation of a reward and relief from discomfort; technology shortens the distance between the need and reward) Lewin’s Equation: â€Å"People act in accordance to their personality and their environment,† which means the easier something is, the more likely people are to do it Step 3: Reward Phase (the itch gets scratched, the customer’s need is satiated, and their problems are solved) Element of Variability: Something of mystery, something of uncertainty Three types of variable rewards are: Rewards of the tribe, rewards of the hunt, and rewards of the self If you can form a habit, you can engage people with your brand through a community/content habit, and monetization is the result of engagement Step 4: Investment Phase (increases likelihood of the next pass through the hook by loading the next trigger and storing value) Content, data, followers, and reputation are ways to get users to invest in your product Companies should make a deliberate effort to understand consumers better; what makes people click and tick, so you can build services that they want Links: NirandFar.com Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products Habit Summit Stack Overflow If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Marketing Podcast. The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Nir: â€Å"Where we always start is what’s the user’s itch? What’s their pain point that occurs frequently enough to build a habit around?† â€Å"The easier something is, the more likely people are to do it. † â€Å"Monetization is a result of engagement.†

Alligator Snapping Turtle Facts

Alligator Snapping Turtle Facts The alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) is a large freshwater turtle native to the United States. The species is named in honor of Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck. The turtle gets its common name from the ridges on its shell that resemble the rough skin of an alligator. Fast Facts: Alligator Snapping Turtle Scientific Name: Macrochelys temminckiiDistinguishing Features: Large turtle with strong jaws and a ridged shell resembling alligator skinAverage Size: 8.4 to 80 kg (19 to 176 lb); males larger than femalesDiet: Primarily carnivorousAverage Life Span: 20 to 70 yearsHabitat: Midwest to Southeast United StatesConservation Status: VulnerableKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ReptiliaOrder: TestudinesFamily: ChelydridaeFun Fact: Although not aggressive, the turtle can deliver a bite powerful enough to amputate fingers. Description The alligator snapping turtle has a large head and thick shell with three ridges that feature large, spiked scales. In contrast, the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) has a smoother shell. Snapping turtle have strong, stout heads, powerful jaws, and sharp claws. Although alligator snapping turtles may be black, brown, or olive green, most turtles appear greenish from algae growing on the carapace. The turtle has golden eyes with a radiating pattern that aids camouflage. On average, adult alligator snapping turtles range from 35 to 81 cm (13.8 to 31.8 in) carapace length and weigh between 8.4 to 80 kg (19 to 176 lb). Females tend to be smaller than males. Male alligator snapping turtles can be very large, potentially reaching 183 kg (403 lb). Of the freshwater turtles, only a few Asian softshell species reach a comparable size. Distribution The alligator snapping turtles makes its home in the rivers, lakes, and canals of the midwestern to southeastern United States. It lives in watersheds that ultimately drain into the Gulf of Mexico. The turtle is found as far north as South Dakota, as far west as Texas, and east to Florida and Georgia. Alligator snapping turtles live almost exclusively in the water. Females venture onto land to lay eggs. Diet and Predators Technically, turtles are omnivorous. But, for the most part, alligator snapping turtles are opportunistic predators. Their usual diet includes fish, carcasses, mollusks, amphibians, worms, snakes, water birds, crayfish, aquatic mammals, and other turtles. They will also eat aquatic plants. Large alligator snapping turtles have been known to kill and eat American alligators. Like other reptiles, they refuse to eat when the temperature is extremely cold or hot because they cannot digest their meal. The turtles tongue resembles a worm. reptiles4all, Getty Images Although the turtles tend to hunt at night, they can lure small prey during the daytime using their unusual tongues. The tongue of the turtle resembles a pink wriggling worm. A variety of predators may eat turtle eggs and hatchlings, including snakes, raccoons, skunks, herons, and crows. Humans are the only significant predator of the adults. Reproduction and Life Cycle Alligator snapping turtles become sexually mature around 12 years of age. They mate in the spring. About two months later, the female leaves the water to build a nest and deposit between 10 and 50 eggs. She selects a nest site near the water, but high enough or far enough to protect the eggs from flooding. Hatchlings emerge after 100 to 140 days, in early autumn. Their sex is determined by incubation temperature. In captivity, most turtles live between 20 and 70 years. However, they can potentially live as long as 200 years. Conservation Status The IUCN Red List classifies the alligator snapping turtle as a vulnerable species. The turtle is listed on CITES Appendix III (United States), with restrictions on its capture in several states within its range and on exportation. Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri are among states in which the turtle is considered endangered. Threats include collection for the pet trade, habitat destruction, pollution, pesticide accumulation, and trapping for its meat. Although threatened in the wild, the turtle is also kept in captivity. Conservationists are concerned release of captive turtles outside the species natural range may cause it to become invasive. In 2013, an alligator snapping turtle was captured and euthanized in Oregon. Some states prohibit keeping alligator snapping turtles as pets. Sources Elsey, R. M. (2006). Food Habits of Macrochelys temminckii (Alligator Snapping Turtle) from Arkansas and Louisiana. Southeastern Naturalist. 5 (3): 443–452. doi:10.1656/1528-7092(2006)5[443:FHOMTA]2.0.CO;2Ernst, C., R. Barbour, J. Lovich. (1994). Turtles of the United States and Canada. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1560988231.Gibbons, J. Whitfield (1987). Why Do Turtles Live So Long?. BioScience. 37 (4): 262–269. doi:10.2307/1310589Thomas, Travis M.; Granatosky, Michael C.; Bourque, Jason R.; Krysko, Kenneth L.; Moler, Paul E.; Gamble, Tony; Suarez, Eric; Leone, Erin; Roman, Joe (2014). Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States. Zootaxa. 3786 (2): 141–165. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3786.2.4Tortoise Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996. Macrochelys temminckii (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Spe cies 1996: e.T12589A97272309. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12589A3362355.en

Commercial Property Development in London Essay

Commercial Property Development in London - Essay Example A report by Ball, Lizieri, and Macgregor (2012, p.41) indicate that the city has witnessed a faster growth of commercial properties in the recent past. In this regard, the report showed that many property developers have been targeting central London as the best place to put up a commercial property. Nevertheless, this growth in commercial property, in London, is taking place at the backdrop of the recent financial crisis that did affect the U.K. adversely. Research has shown that the recent financial crisis of 2007/2008 did affect all the economic sectors in the nation including the property market, which dropped to an all-time low as many people could not afford to invest in commercial properties due to lack of enough funds required for the project. In fact, the U.K. is still struggling to recover from the effects of the financial crisis, by introducing measures aimed at improving the state of the economy such as opening up the country for investments. O’Kelly (2012) noted t hat the economy of the U.K. shrunk by about 4.9% in 2009 due to the effects of the 2007/2008 financial crisis. In fact, the economy of the U.K. has not been able to experience any significant improvement since then. Only recently, in 2012, did the economy registered a growth rate of about 1%. However, economists remain positive that the economy is on the right course and is likely to enjoy significant growth over the next few years. However, as earlier stated, central London has overcome all these odds and has been experiencing increased growth in commercial property development over the last six years.

Call to Action & Technology and Globalization Essay

Call to Action & Technology and Globalization - Essay Example The two pieces of information denote that Americans are not actively engaged in physical exercises, and this has to stop. The most common type of exercise that people should be encouraged to adopt is walking (Surgeons Office, 2010). This is because it is the easiest and most effective way on controlling the spread of obesity. There is a need of ensuring that citizens of the state are engaged in taking high quality and healthy food, that does not consist of too much fat. In persuading the audience to take action, the report has divided the information contained in it, into two major parts, the background of obesity, and opportunities of preventing obesity (Grady, 2010). Under background, the report gives comprehensive information on the trends, disparities, and consequences of obesity (Surgeons Office, 2010). It is therefore possible to denote that obesity is on an increase, and its health consequences are big. Based on this fact, there is a need of initiating a policy aimed at preventing its growth. The newspaper article also uses statistics to pass out the message that obesity is on the rise, and there is a need of action. For example, the newspaper article denotes that 30% of Americans are Obese, and this is an increase of 2.4 million people, since 2007 (Grady, 2010). This is an alarming figure that ma kes policy formulators worried, hence the need of enacting policies that can prevent an increase of obesity. Technology has played a great role in promoting the responsibilities of a global citizen. One of the main responsibilities of a global citizen is the promotion of the concept of human rights, and dignity. Due to advances in information technology, it is now possible for people to share information concerning the various injustices that occur in the world (Buss,Redburn and Guo, 2006). Social networking sites such as face book, twitter, instagram can be used to instantly send a

CASE 5 Information Security and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CASE 5 Information Security and Ethics - Essay Example Because it is unfortunate that a leakage of information committed by an internal employee who accesses almost every details of the valuable information daily. This issue no doubt harms the ethical bonding between the employees and the organizations. But in the case of external trespassing into the organization’s confidential information zone, the blame would directly go to its security system which basically shows the loopholes of its security protocols. But, this is another issue. The organization should make the employees of all levels signed into the document where policies have been stated transparently after distributing and describing the issues about information security. Definitely, an organization containing three employees would differ from the organization with manpower of thousand people in the sense of organizational information policy. The implementation of the e-business framework has led many organizations into serious threat about information security. From the very commencement of the internet, rather say the from the beginning the internet has came with complications and vulnerabilities that is- its basic communications as well as the nodes, norms about its protocols, authentication of its network and host frameworks etc. Dissatisfied employees, hackers, opponents and other stakeholders destroyed the internet’s vulnerabilities which caused damages of privacy, financial damages, loosing of customers, interruption in the activities and unpredictability. Many employees were allowed to access internet for authentic business purpose but actually the result went to misuse of information either from lack of compassion for uncertainty, or lack of consciousness of authentic usage of internet in the organization or exactly by the wicked intension. For these reasons, some protocols are generally set inside an org anization to make the information security system more

What are the different types of businesses that exist in the UK Essay

What are the different types of businesses that exist in the UK - Essay Example Each and every business organization and their respective locations are different and are generally needed to be observed for rules and regulations. Before you finally make up your mind to the type of business that you intend doing or going in for, it is advisable to go in for the professional advice of your solicitors and accountants and have a good attorney, well versed with all the rules and regulations, to help you decide and plan your project and business. There are various types of businesses and types of plans that you could chalk out for getting the proper result and feedback from your business. A business plan is basically a document, incorporating things like market research, operational requirements, promotional strategies, and the financial projections. The plan is mainly used to raise capital, reorganize the actives and resources and preparations for the final sell out as well. A strategic management plan focuses on the on the management personnel and its main team. I may incorporate the procedure, manuals of how the operations should take place, policy and the organizations. It fits mainly into the operational aspects where all the staff requirements. And all the management philosophy is made. Amongst the many kinds of businesses and business organizations that are in the UK are Partnership, Private Limited Company, Public Limited Company, Franchise and Sole Trader are the most common ones. Out of the many important decisions that any business owner has to face, whenever they start any new business is to decide as to what structure the business will consist have, of what kinds it will be. The decision would include many things like There are different types of partnerships. The tow common ones are general partnerships and limited partnerships. Through an oral agreement, two or more people can easily form a general partnership. Though it is not recommended that an oral agreement should be started, instead with the help of an attorney, you

People, Power & Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

People, Power & Politics - Essay Example He was a Minister of Christian views based on Biblical principles. Malcolm X did not have the same opportunity afforded King. Malcolm X was almost entirely self educated and grew up in a poor family. Malcolm X was a follower of Islam as opposed to King’s Christian convictions. Obviously, the4se two men came from very different backgrounds. King in his famous speech entitled â€Å"American Dream†, outlines his desire for equality not only in treatment between blacks and whites but also in possessions and class standings. He wanted to see cultural change that allowed for blacks and whites to be afforded the same opportunities both educationally and economically. Malcolm X, for much of his time as a public speaker and representative for black youth, felt that the black community had suffered enough injustice at the hands of the white man, and deserved to not only receive what they were deprived of but also deserved to seek revenge from white society. Malcolm X countered the speech â€Å"the American Dream† given by King, by giving the equally famous speech â€Å"the American Nightmare† where he details his notion of â€Å"an eye for an eye†. King’s method of making a change was done through a passive mode of justice whereas Malcolm X sought revenge for the many years of oppression infli cted on African -Americans at the hand of whites. Both Malcolm X and King sought racial justice and equality. King’s approach was to pursue though non-violence, a coexistence of love between blacks and whites alike. King once said â€Å"the reason I can’t follow the old eye for an eye philosophy, is that it ends up leaving everybody blind†. Inversely, Malcolm X saw violence as a necessity as the only way to achieve change would be to challenge adversity by fighting or physically rising up. As the two great leaders approached the end of their lives, they began to see things in a more

Identify the key elements which allows precedents to work in English Essay

Identify the key elements which allows precedents to work in English court - Essay Example One interesting fact about the UK judicial system is that UK does not have one unified judicial system. There are three different systems can be witnessed one for England and Wales, one system for Scotland and one system for Northern Ireland (Hart & Hart, 2012). The judicial precedent of Northern Ireland is somewhat similar to that of England and Wales but the precedent in Scotland shows a quite different system altogether. As far as the English law is concerned depending upon the type of the case whether a criminal case or a civil case the hearing is conducted in different courts. The doctrine of judicial precedent is the base for the common law system. The principle of stare decisis is the base for the system of precedent. The inner meaning of this that the lower court has to take into account and follow the decisions of the higher courts where the facts of the cases are generally same. Thus this statement supports the need of understanding the hierarchy of the courts and their inter-relationship, which will help in understanding the development of the common law (Jacob, 2012). The hierarchy of the courts is as follows: When the precedent is set by the court at the same level, it is mandatory the court is bound by the previous decision. However, this particular rule is subject to exceptions (Baker, 2000). There are various considerations that can be applied depending upon the level of the court, which will determine if the court can depart from an earlier decision of a court at the same level. This court does not generally recognize the doctrine of precedent and has the freedom to depart from its own earlier decision. But the decisions from the European Court of Justice are bound to all courts in England & Wales. The Supreme Court replaced the House of Lords on 1st October 2009. The jurisdictions of the Supreme Court are same as that of the House of Lords and the Justices of the Supreme Court will take up the

People, Power & Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

People, Power & Politics - Essay Example He was a Minister of Christian views based on Biblical principles. Malcolm X did not have the same opportunity afforded King. Malcolm X was almost entirely self educated and grew up in a poor family. Malcolm X was a follower of Islam as opposed to King’s Christian convictions. Obviously, the4se two men came from very different backgrounds. King in his famous speech entitled â€Å"American Dream†, outlines his desire for equality not only in treatment between blacks and whites but also in possessions and class standings. He wanted to see cultural change that allowed for blacks and whites to be afforded the same opportunities both educationally and economically. Malcolm X, for much of his time as a public speaker and representative for black youth, felt that the black community had suffered enough injustice at the hands of the white man, and deserved to not only receive what they were deprived of but also deserved to seek revenge from white society. Malcolm X countered the speech â€Å"the American Dream† given by King, by giving the equally famous speech â€Å"the American Nightmare† where he details his notion of â€Å"an eye for an eye†. King’s method of making a change was done through a passive mode of justice whereas Malcolm X sought revenge for the many years of oppression infli cted on African -Americans at the hand of whites. Both Malcolm X and King sought racial justice and equality. King’s approach was to pursue though non-violence, a coexistence of love between blacks and whites alike. King once said â€Å"the reason I can’t follow the old eye for an eye philosophy, is that it ends up leaving everybody blind†. Inversely, Malcolm X saw violence as a necessity as the only way to achieve change would be to challenge adversity by fighting or physically rising up. As the two great leaders approached the end of their lives, they began to see things in a more

Family Expecations Essay Example for Free

Family Expecations Essay I have found that family expectations are both problematic as well as helpful as I have grown and matured.   My family’s expectations revolve around our shared histories and aspirations as well as their perceptions of what I might be successful at or enjoy in life.   On the other hand, my life outside of my family has developed to a point where I gain encouragement and confirmation about my abilities and projections from other sources, such as my peers, my work, and through socializing. My ultimate priorities are up to me and only I can determine whether or not I am meeting my expectations no matter what my family believes.   That being said, pressures and expectations from my family has helped me to identify certain paths that I might prove successful for me in the long term.   My family usually has my best intentions in mind when they discuss their expectations for me and that can be a comforting and confidence inspiring motivation.   Additionally, if I have doubts about meeting my expectations, my family is there to advise me on what they feel I should or should not be doing in a particular situation based on their wisdom and previous experiences. In contrast, I often feel that my family’s expectations for me are based around what they knew of me as a younger adult or child.   Instead of asking me about my current goals and projects, often times they will revert back to telling me what my dreams were as a kid, or even worse, what dreams they had for me when I was a kid.   I understand that they are trying to be optimistic and positive influences on me, but at the same time I have grown up outside of my family and have created new ideas and goals for my future; not the necessarily the future that they always have had envisioned for me. Prioritizing family expectations is a balancing act for me because I want to make my family proud while at the same time living life according to my own principles.   This can be a difficult terrain to traverse, but ultimately it leads to more open and honest discussions about the best way to live life.   In our family, these discussions can at times become heated, but they are always interesting and we come out of them with newfound respect and hopes for the future. I have found that sometimes not living up to family expectations has been the most fruitful decisions I have personally made in my life.   Making my own choices and following my dreams in spite of my family’s expectations has paid off.   My family is proud of me for having the courage and the ambition to follow through on what I believe in.   If that is in fact their ultimate expectation for me, then I have found the balance necessary to surpass those expectations in the face of all obstacles.

Biological Significance of BST2 Overexpression in OSCC

Biological Significance of BST2 Overexpression in OSCC Overexpression of BST2 is associated with nodal metastasis and poorer prognosis in oral cavity cancer ABSTRACT Objective: Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) was one of the proteins which were found related to tumor metastasis in our previous proteomic study. Now we want to examine its clinical role on the oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). Study Design: Individual retrospective cohort study and basic research. Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to demonstrate the expression levels of BST2 on 159 OSCC tumors. RNA interference was utilized for cell migration and proliferation study in vitro. Results: BST2 expression was significantly higher in OSCC cells of metastatic lymph nodes and primary tumor cells, compared to adjacent normal epithelia. Higher BST2 expression was associated with positive N stage, advanced overall stage, perineural invasion, and tumor depth (P = 0.049, 0.015, 0.021, and 0.010, respectively). OSCC patients with higher BST2 expression had poorer prognosis for disease-specific and disease-free survival (P = 0.009 and 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analyses also demonstrated that higher BST2 expression is an independent prognostic factor of disease-specific and disease-free survival (P = 0.047 and 0.013, respectively). In-vitro suppression of BST2 expression in OEC-M1 cells showed that BST2 contributes to tumor migration of OSCC cells. Conclusions: The findings in this study indicate that BST2 expression in OSCC tumors is an independent prognostic factor of patient survival and associated with tumor metastasis. Keywords: oral cancer; head and neck; BST2; metastasis; OSCC; tumor marker; squamous cell carcinoma. Level of evidence: NA Introduction Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common head-and-neck cancer worldwide and remains a difficult malignancy to treat because of approximate 50% mortality rates in spite of recent advances in the contemporary management over the past three decades.1-4 Cervical lymph node dissemination has been long regarded as one of the major poor prognosticators in patient with OSCC and is a major obstacle to OSCC management. 5-8 Previously, some transcriptomic studies analyzing OSCC tumors have established the expression signatures of OSCC metastasis.9-13 On the other hand, our group also used a proteomic approach by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation to identify proteins that are differentially expressed between laser capture microdissected primary and metastatic OSCC tumors and some potential markers of OSCC metastasis were therefore discovered.14 From the candidate proteins derived from by this approach, bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) was identifi ed as one of the potential molecules associated with OSCC metastasis and need further validation in the clinical scenario.14 The BST2 gene is located on chromosome 19p13.2 and codes for a 35kDa transmembrane glycoprotein consisting 180 amino acids. It is also known as the HM1.24 antigen, CD317, and tetherin.15,16 BST2 has been found to be expressed on mature B cells but not on other normal tissues of health individuals.15 The BST2 overexpression has been identified in several cancer types such as multiple myeloma, endometrial cancer, gastric cancer, and glioblastoma multiforme.17-23 Moreover, BST2 was discovered associated with the tumor progression and metastasis by previous findings from the pancreatic endocrine tumors with liver metastases and the breast cancers with bone metastasis.24,25 In vitro, overexpression of BST2 increased invasion, migration, cell proliferation and apoptosis evasion in breast cancer cells.26,27 Thus, based on the findings of these previous studies and our proteomic discovery, we also hypothesized that BST2 is overexpressed in OSCC and plays a specific role in tumor cell modulat ion. Accordingly, our study is designed to investigate the expression and the role of BST2 in the OSCC tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis and quantitative real-time PCR were used to demonstrate the expression levels of BST2 on OSCC tumors. We also employed RNAi techniques to suppress the BST2 expression to investigate the effects of BST2 modulation on the OSCC cell line in vitro. Materials and Methods Patient Characteristics and Clinical Specimens One houndred and thirty-eight male and 21 female were diagnosed as OSCC patients at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Tao-Yuan, Taiwan) between 2002 and 2007 and enrolled in this study. Patient age at diagnosis ranged from 22.0 to 84.0 years (mean, 51.9 ±12.3). The associated subsites of the oral cavity were buccal mucosa (62 patients), gum (21), hard palate (5), lip (5), floor of the mouth (5), and tongue (61). Patients with at least one of the following conditions were considered ineligible: unresectable or inoperable cancer, other primary cancer (synchronous or metachronous), recurrent cancer, distant metastasis, prior history of malignancy, treatment with neoadjuvant therapy, medical contraindication for surgery, or individuals lost to follow-up. Lesions diagnosed as carcinoma in situ, verrucous carcinoma or a histologically basaloid subtype were also not included in the study. All patients provided informed consent prior to study participation, and the study was approved by th e Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Patients underwent standard preoperative work-ups according to institutional guidelines, including detailed medical history, complete physical examination, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans of the head and neck, chest radiographs, bone scan, and abdominal ultrasound. Primary tumors were excised with adequate margins under intraoperative frozen section control. Surgical defects were immediately reconstructed via free flap or local flap by plastic surgeons, if necessary. Following surgical treatment, pathological TNM classification of all tumors was established according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual (2007). After discharge, all patients had regular follow-up visits every 2 months for the first year, every 3 months for the second year, and every 6 months thereafter.28-30 RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Detection of BST2 According to the manufacturer’s protocol, total RNA of sixty paired OSCC tumor and adjacent normal tissues was extracted and purification by using RNAzol B reagent (Tel-Test, Friendwood, TX) and an RNeasy cleanup kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). 5ug of total RNA was used for first-strand cDNA synthesis and then adding to a reaction mixture comprising of commercially purchasable primers (BST2 Hs00171632_m1 and normalization control B2M, Hs00984230_m1 and ACTB, Hs99999903_m1 ; Assay-on-Demand, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix, and RNase-free water. 7900 HT Sequence Detection System was used for performing quantitative real-time RT-PCR and the result was analyzed with SDS version 2 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). All experiments were repeated in duplicate, and the mean fold-change of each sample was calculated. Western blot analysis Proteins were extracted from culture cells with RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris pH 8, 0.0150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 0.2 % Na-deoxylate, 1x protease cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and the concentrations determined using the BCA protein assay kit (Perice Biotechnology) Samples were separated on 12% SDS gels, transferred to PVDF membranes (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Buckinghamshire, UK), and probed using rabbit monoclonal anti-BST2 antibody (Epitomics, Burlingame, CA), mouse monoclonal beta-actin antibody (MAB1501, Chemicon, Billerica, MA), and mouse monoclonal GAPDH antibody (Novus, Littleton, CO). The beta-actin and GAPDH signals were used as the loading controls. Densitometer quantitation was also measured to demonstrate the relative fold differences of prtein levels. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurement ELISA kit for human BST2 (CUSABIO, Hubei, China) was used for determining the BST2 levels in the tested samples. Human recombinant BST2 was used as the standard. Briefly, 100 ÃŽ ¼l of samples or standard were added to a murine monoclonal antibody against BST2 coated microtiter plates and incubated for 2 h at room temperature. After the plates were washing with wash butter for three times, a biotin-conjugated polyclonal antibody was added and further incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The plates were washed three times again and 100 ÃŽ ¼l of horseradish peroxidase-avidin was added at room temperature for 1 h. After the plates were washed five times and 90 ÃŽ ¼l of tetramethylbenzidine was added to each well. The reaction was terminated by adding of 2 N sulfuric acid, and the optical density of each well was measured by a microplate reader set to 450 nm. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. Immunohistochemical Staining For immunohistochemistry, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues were cut into 4 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m sections, deparaffinized, rehydrated, and prepared for antigen retrieval. Slides of consecutive sections were incubated with the appropriate antibodies: rabbit monoclonal anti-BST2 antibody (diluted 1:30, Epitomics, Burlingame, CA) at room temperature for 1 hour. After incubation, slides were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline, incubated with horseradish peroxidase polymer antibody (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) at room temperature for 10 min, and developed by the addition of 3,3’-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) reagent (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) as the chromogen and hematoxylin as the counterstain. A ScanScope CT automated slide-scanning system (Aperio Technologies, Vista, CA) was used for obtaining images of stained slides. Expression of BST2 was scored using a combined scoring method accounting for both percentage of stained cell s and staining intensity and.31-33 Strong to negative staining intensities were scored from 3 to 0. For each intensity score, cells staining at that specific level were visually estimated and calculated as a percentage. The resultant combined score was calculated as the sum of the intensity scores multiplied by the percentage of stained cells. All specimens were evaluated independently by our pathologists (Liang Y and Hseuh C) who had blinded to clinical origin of the specimen. Knockdown of BST2 Using RNA Interference (RNAi) SMARTpool small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Dharmacon, Lafayette, CO) .RNAi specifically targeting human BST2 (No. L-011817-00-0005, Dharmacon) and a scrambled control RNAi (No. D-001810-10-05, Dharmacon) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Rockford, IL). RNAi (at a final concentration 400 nM) was mixed with Lipofectamine RNAiMAXTM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and Opti-MEM medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) without serum, incubated for 20 min at room temperature, and then added to OEC-M1 cells that were seeded at a density of 1 Ãâ€" 105 cells per well in six-well plates. After incubation for 6 h at 37 °C, transfer fresh culture medium (RPMI medium containing 10% FBS) was added to each well. After transfection for 48 h, cells were harvested for analysis of cell migration, and invasive capacity. Cell Proliferation Assay Cell proliferation ability was determined using the methylthiazoltetrazolium (MTT) assay (Bionovas Biotechnology, Toronto, Canada). After transfection for 24 h, cells were seeded at a density of 5 x103cells/well in RPMI medium containing 10% FBS. At the end of another 48-hour incubation period, the medium was exchanged with MTT solution at a final concentration of 1 mg/mL, and cells placed in a culture incubator at 37oC for 1 h. After washing twice with PBS, cells were solubilized with 0.1 ml of DMSO at 37oC for 1 h. The converted dye was measured at 540 nm. Three independent experiments were performed in quadruplicate. The average value of the control experiment was taken as 100% proliferation, and used to calculate the percentage of cell proliferation for each treatment. Cell Migration Assay Cell migration was evaluated using a chemotaxis chamber (Corning, Lowell, MA) with a polycarbonate membrane (8-ÃŽ ¼m pore size) placed between the two chambers. Transfected OEC-M1 cells (1 Ãâ€" 105) in 200 ÃŽ ¼l of serum free culture medium were applied to the upper chamber and 600 ÃŽ ¼l of RPMI medium containing 10% FBS medium was added to the lower chamber. Chambers were incubated at 37 °C for 16 h, and then the membrane was fixed with methanol for 10 min and then stained with GIEMSA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Cotton swab was used for removing the cells on the upper surface of the filter, and the cells which migrated through the membrane were counted in eight different visual fields under a light microscope (magnification: 200x). Each migration assay was performed in triplicate during three independent experiments. Statistical Analysis All statistical data display as means  ± SD. The significance was examined by Wilcoxon test. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test was employed for comparison of the relative signal intensity of quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining scores between paired tumor and pericancerous normal mucosa samples. All patients had regular follow-up evaluations at our department until Apr 2012 or death. Survival analysis was plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences evaluated using the log-rank test. The specific risk factors for disease-specific survival were analyzed with multivariate regression. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software (version 9.1; SAS institute, Cary, NC). All P values were two-sided, and statistical significance accepted at P Results Overexpression of BST2 in tumor cells of OSCC tissues. Expression of BST2 was examined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in 60 paired OSCC tumor and adjacent normal tissues. Transcripts for BST2 were significantly elevated in OSCC tumor specimens as compared with adjacent normal tissue (155  ± 205 vs. 38  ± 53, P PP= 0.533; Fig. 1B), indicating that BST2 is more highly expressed in tumor cells of metastatic lymph nodes and primary tumor cells and almost absent in normal oral epithelia. Association of BST2 expression with various clinicopathological manifestations Next, we evaluated the relationships between increased BST2 expression and various clinicopathological characteristics of OSCC patients (Table 1). Higher BST2 expression was significantly associated with higher pN status, advanced overall stage, positive perineural invasion, and greater tumor depth (P=0.049, 0.015, 0.021, and 0.010, respectively; Table 1). However, we observed no association between BST2 overexpression in OSCC tumors and patient age, sex, T stage, differentiation or bone invasion. Consistent with our hypothesis, BST2 overexpression was significantly (P=0.049) associated with nodal metastasis (pN status). Association of BST2 expression with overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and disease-free survival (DFS) Based on expression data obtained from IHC, patients were stratified into two groups (high vs. low expression using 160 out of 300 as the cut-off value), and the possible association of BST2 expression with patient OS evaluated. Survival analysis revealed that the five-year OS rates for patients stratified into high and low BST2 expression subgroups were 66.8% and 51.2%, respectively. These differences in OS were not significant, compared in the log-rank test (P=0.059; Figure 2A). However, the Kaplan-Meier plots evaluated 5-year DSS rates for patients stratified by high and low BST2 expression as 74.0% and 53.7%, respectively. These differences in DSS were statistically significant, as observed with the log-rank test (P= 0.009; Figure 2B). Moreover, five-year DFS rates for patients stratified based on high or low BST2 expression were also significantly different in the log-rank test (75.9% and 51.2%, respectively; P= 0.001) (Figure 2C). BST2 expression was additionally a significant predictor of DFS and DSS in univariate analysis with the Cox proportional regression model. To further ascertain whether BST2 expression can be applied as an independent predictor of patient survival, multivariate analysis was performed using age, gender, pT status, pN status, overall stage, perineural invasion, tumor differentiation and BST2 expression as parameters in the Cox proportional regression model. Our results indicated that pT status, pN status and BST2 expression are independent predictors of DSS (P= 0.017, 0.002, and 0.047, respectively; Table 2). Similarly, we also found that pT status, pN status and BST2 expression are independent predictors of DFS (P= 0.014, BST2 Promotes OSCC Cell Migration In Vitro To evaluate the biological significance of BST2 overexpression in OSCC using an in vitro system, endogenous expression of BST2 in OSCC cells was knocked down using gene specific RNAi. The effects of RNAi were determined by the ELISA method in the supernatants of OEC-M1 cells transfected with either BST2-specific RNAi (si-BST2) or a scrambled sequence control RNAi. As shown in Supplementary Figure 2A, the levels of endogenous BST2 was significantly reduced (P=0.003; Supplementary Figure 2A) in si-BST2–transfected cells as compared with cells transfected with the control RNAi. Control and si-BST2–transfected cells were further analyzed for cell proliferation and migration. As shown in Supplementary Figure 2B, the cell proliferation ability in OEC-M1 cells was not significantly decreased in the si-BST2–transfected cells compared to the control RNAi transfected cells (P =0.435; Supplementary Fig 2B). However, the capability of OEC-M1 cell migration attenuated by addi tion of si-BST2 (70.2% reduction, P = 0.001; Supplementary Figure 2C). Collectively, these findings indicated that overexpression of BST2 in vitro can mediate cell migration in OSCC cells.

Costs And Contributions: The Wave From South Of The Border :: essays research papers

Costs and Contributions: The Wave From South of The Border Every year, hundreds of millions of people enter the US via land ports of entry, and the INS each year apprehends over 1.3 million aliens at or near the border. Over 90 percent of those apprehended near the border are Mexicans, and some who enter the US legally and illegally are carrying drugs into the US. This influx of illegal immigrants from south of the border has created quite a stir in many places. Is this good that people are coming to the U.S.? What will happen if this pattern keeps up? Will they steal our jobs? What effect will this wave of people have on us? These questions plague many and deserved to be answered in the following paper on: "Costs and contributions: The Wave From South of The Border". "Dowell Myers (USC) reported on his double cohort method--by age and year of entry-- of analyzing what happened to immigrants arriving in the seven southern CA counties after 1980. His analysis shows that especially young immigrants make considerable economic progress after their arrival--as measured by their total incomes--and that some of their behavior converges rapidly to that of natives, e.g., they rapidly abandon buses and drive cars to work. In southern CA, one-third of all bus riders are recent immigrants. Myers noted that immigration is raising other issues, including overcrowded housing. The US definition of acceptable housing was two or less persons per room until 1960, when the definition was change to one or less per room. However, as immigrants moved into southern CA, overcrowding jumped, raising questions about how aggressively cities should enforce housing codes developed during a non- immigrant era." Many are haunted by the question: will we be hurt? Over crowding has had a major impact on families living near the Mexican border lowering standards of living and living space as well. Also, citizens wonder about the filthy scum that comes from south of the border-are all illegal immigrants scum? George Vernez outlined an ambitious project that is dealing with the question of whether immigration is a plus or minus for CA by examining the effects of immigration on internal migration, on wages, and on public finances since 1960. Those studies showed that immigrants from most countries do catch up to similar natives in average weekly earnings after 10 to 20 years, but not immigrants from the major country of origin--Mexico. Furthermore, immigrant children tend to follow in their parents' footsteps, meaning that the children of Asian immigrants tend to do well in school, etc., while the children of

Essay on Toni Morrisons Beloved - Sethes Act of Filicide

Sethe's Act of Filicide in Beloved      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shortly after the publication of Beloved, Toni Morrison commented in an interview that Sethe's murder of Beloved "was the right thing to do, but she had no right to do it.... It was the only thing to do, but it was the wrong thing to do."1[1]   Does this remark prove the moral ambiguity of the infanticide, as Terry Otten argues?2[2]   Yes, it was right but wrong, and wrong but right.   However, the most important thing is that "It was the only thing to do."   Sethe had no choice.   If there is anything wrong, it must be either, in Paul D's words, her "too thick" love, or the inhumane institution of slavery.   However, as Sethe answers back to Paul D, for her, "Thin love ain't love at all" (164).   For Sethe, there is no such thing as "thin" love, and it is true.   Her love is not "too" thick but "so" thick that she would kill her own child rather than see the baby live as a slave.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another interview in 1994 makes it even clearer that Toni Morrison has been sympathetic to Sethe from the start.   She talks about Margaret Garner, whose story gave Morrison the inspiration to write this novel.   Sethe's story is almost identical with Margaret Garner's.       I had an idea that I didn't know was a book idea.... One was a newspaper clipping about a woman named Margaret Garner in 1851....   she had escaped from Kentucky with her four children.   She had run off into a little woodshed right outside her house to kill them because she had been caught as a fugitive.   And she had made up her mind that they would not suffer the way that she had and it was better to die.   She succeeded in killing one; she tried to kill two others....   That the woman who killed her children love... ...she was able to keep the longest.   Twenty years.... Her two girls, neither of whom had their adult teeth, were sold and gone and she had not been able to wave goodbye.   To make up for coupling with a straw boss for four months in exchange for keeping her their child, a boy, with her - only to have him traded for lumber in the spring of the next year and to find herself pregnant by the man who promised not to and did.   The child that she could not love and the rest she would not. (23) She could not claim any child as hers.   Being someone's property, she could not and would not love her children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7[7]   Eric Jerome Bauer, "Beloved: The Paradox of Freedom," <http://www.viconet.com/~ejb/belovedweb.htm >   It is almost annoying to read such a naà ¯ve opinion based on "too abstract" humanism, but it is worth thinking of what makes the opinion possible.   

History of Chocolate Essay

Chocolate comes from the cacao bean, which comes from a cocoa tree, which are found in Central America. Mayans The Mayans found the cocoa trees down in South America, and then migrated up to Central America, where their empire stretched from the Yucatan Peninsula to the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. The Mayans are known for being the first people to create plantations, where they had people working on a cacao bean plantation. They also referred to the cacao bean as the â€Å"food of the gods. † Aztecs The Aztecs then conquered the Mayans. The Aztecs would tax anyone who they conquered who grew the cacao beans to pay them as taxes. In fact, the Aztecs used cacao beans as currency, and it was always in demand. No one outside of the Americas would hear of this magnificent drink (as it was used for early on) until about the 15th century. European Influence Christopher Columbus was the first European in the Americas, who was also the first to find cacao beans. He brought these cacao beans back to the Spanish king, whose friars sent the word of it throughout Spain. When the Spanish conquered the Aztecs, cacao beans were imported and changed into a chocolate drink, and was widely popular along the people. They would remove the chili pepper and add milk, sugar, and vanilla to give chocolate a sweet taste. They used chocolate as a drink until the Industrial Revolution. Post-18th Century Chocolate The chocolate we know today is created by mills that could create cocoa butter. This cocoa butter made it to where chocolate could become hard. After the Industrial Revolution, people began to sell these mills and â€Å"cocoa butter† to other people. A man by the name of Daniel Peter bought one of these, and began work on a new type of chocolate, called â€Å"milk chocolate. † This milk chocolate was toyed with quite a bit until Rodolphe Lindt invented conching, and this allowed for Milton Hershey to make chocolate famous and mass produce a cheap candy bar. This leads us up to the chocolate we eat today!