The Unsolved Case of the Oakland County Child Killer

The Unsolved Case of the Oakland County Child Killer The Oakland County Child Killer (OCCK) is an obscure liable for the unsolved homicides of at least four youngsters, two young ladies and two young men, in Oakland County, Michigan, in 1976 and 1977. The Murders From February 1976 to March 1977, in Oakland County, Michigan, four youngsters were hijacked, held for as long as 19 days, and afterward killed. The executioner would then dress them in their newly squeezed attire, and leave their bodies painstakingly situated on covers of day off laying in full sight close to a street. The homicides brought about the biggest homicide examination in U.S. history around then, however it neglected to create a suspect. Imprint Stebbins Toward the evening on Sunday, February 15, 1976, 12-year-old Mark Stebbins of Ferndale, Michigan,â disappeared afterâ leavingâ the American Legion Hall to return home to sit in front of the TV. After four days, on February 19, his body was found around 12 miles from his home, laying in a snowbank in a parking garage in Southfield. He was wearing a similar garments that he had was wearing on the day that he was stole, yet they were cleaned and squeezed. A post-mortem examination verified that he had been with an item and choked to death. Rope copies were found on his wrists, demonstrating that his hands had been firmly bound. Jill Robinson In the late evening of Wednesday, December 22, 1976, 12-year-old Jill Robinson of Royal Oak, got into a contention with her mom and chose to gather a pack and flee from home. It was the latest day that she was seen alive. The following day, on December 23, her bike was found behind a store situated on Main Street in Royal Oak. Three days after, her body was discovered lying in favor of Interstate 75 close to Troy inside full sight of the Troy police headquarters. A post-mortem examination discovered that Jill had passed on from a shotgun impact to her face. Like Mark Stebbins, she was completely dressed in the garments that she had worn when she vanished. Set close to her body, police discovered her knapsack which was flawless. Like Mark, her body gave off an impression of being deliberately positioned on a heap of day off. Kristine Mihelich On Sunday, January 2, 1977, at around 3 p.m., 10-year-old Kristine Mihelich of Berkley, went to the close by 7-Eleven and got a few magazines. She was never to be seen alive again. Her body was found 19 days after the fact by a mail transporter who was on his rustic course. Kristine was completely dressed and her body situated in the day off. The executioner had additionally shut Kristines eyes and collapsed her arms over her chest. In spite of the fact that her body was left along a country street in Franklin Village, it was left in full perspective on a few homes. A post-mortem later uncovered that she had been covered. The Task Force Following Kristine Mihelich’s murder, specialists declared that they accepted that the kids had been killed by following the zone. An official team was framed explicitly to research the homicides. It was comprised of law requirement from 13 networks and drove by the Michigan State Police. Timothy King On Wednesday, March 16, 1977, at around 8 p.m., 11-year-old Timothy King left his Birmingham home with $0.30 pennies to purchase treats, his skateboard tucked under his arm. He was made a beeline for a drugstore close to his home in Birmingham. In the wake of making his buy, he left the store through the back leave which prompted a parking garage where he appeared to vanish like a phantom. With one more instance of anâ abducted and likely killed youngster on their hands, the specialists chose to play out a monstrous inquiry all through the whole Detroit territory. TV news stations and Detroit papers intensely announced about Timothy and the other killed youngsters. Timothy Kings father showed up on TV, begging the ruffian to not hurt his child and to release him. Marion King, Timothys mother, composed a letter that said she trusted she would see Timothy soon with the goal that she could give him his preferred supper, Kentucky Fried Chicken. The letter was imprinted in â€Å"The Detroit News.† The evening of March 22, 1977, Timothy Kings body was found in a discard close by a street in Livonia. He was completely dressed, however clearly his garments had been cleaned and squeezed. His skateboard had been put close to his body. An examination report demonstrated that Timothy had been explicitly ambushed with an article and covered to death. It was additionally uncovered that he had eaten chicken before he was killed. Before Timothy Kings body was discovered, a lady offered facts about the missing kid. She told the team that on that night that kid disappeared, she saw him conversing with a more established man in the parking area behind the drugstore. She depicted Timothy and his skateboard. Had she seen Timothy, however she additionally got a truly decent gander at the man he was conversing with, just as his vehicle. She told the specialists that the man was driving a blue AMC Gremlin with white stripes as an afterthought. With her assistance, a police sketch craftsman had the option to do a composite drawing of the more seasoned man and of the vehicle he was driving. The sketch was discharged to the general population. Profile of the Killer The team built up a profile of the dependent on portrayals given by witnesses who saw Timothy conversing with a man on the night that he was snatched. The profile depicted a white male, dull complected, age 25 to 35, with shaggy hair and long sideburns. Since the individual appeared to have the option to pick up the trust of kids, the team accepted that the executioner was potentially a cop, specialist, or a minister. The profile proceeded to depict the executioner as somebody who knew about the region and presumably lived alone, conceivably in a remote zone, since he had the option to for a few days without companions, family or neighbors knowing. The Investigation More than 18,000 hints came into the team, and every one of them were explored. Despite the fact that there were different wrongdoings that the police found while doing their examinations, the team had not gotten any nearer to catching the killer.â Allen and Frank Detroit specialist Dr. Bruce Dantoâ and an individual from the team group got a letter half a month after Timothy King was killed. The letter was composed by somebody who called themselves Allen. what's more, professed to be the of his flat mate Frank who was the Oakland County Child Killer. In the letter, Allen portrayed himself as blame ridden, sorry, terrified, self-destructive, and near the very edge of losing his brain. He said that he had been with Allen on numerous travels searching for young men, however that he was never present when Frank snatched the youngsters or when he killed them Allen additionally composed that Frank drove a Gremlin, yet that he had trashed it in Ohio, gone forever. To offer examiners a rationale in the killings, Allen said that Frank murdered youngsters while battling in Viet Nam and was damaged by it. He was rendering retribution on rich individuals with the goal that they would endure as he did while in Viet Nam. Allen needed to work out an arrangement and offered to turn over implicating pictures that could be utilized as proof against Frank. In return, he needed the Governor of Michigan to consent to an arrangement that would give him immunityâ from arraignment. Dr. Danto consented to meet Allen at a bar, however Allen didn't appear and he was never gotten notification from again. In December 1978 the choice was made to end the team and the state police assumed control over the examination.

Terrorism and Globalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychological warfare and Globalization - Assignment Example While such advantages either keep up or increase the status of globalization, globalized progress happens at the expense of the dissemination of additions. Where significant additions are acquired by rich countries or people, more prominent disparities result, further causing potential clashes inside neighborhood settings and abroad. Another plausible expense is seen in the control of national economies which could move from sovereign governments to different elements, regularly prompting outrageous patriotism or the ascent to fundamentalist political developments (Intriligator). These finishes in the end trigger the development of fear based oppression by an association or development that feels the need to negate the bearing of globalized slants particularly on the idea that globalization advances disparity and lopsided allotment of the country’s merchandise, ruining minorities. This turns out to be, consequently, one of the extraordinary causes behind the production of psychological militant gatherings, for example, the al-Qaeda and the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) of the Reconstruction period in the U.S. which have both completed serious vicious responses after the central goal of propelling outrageous belief systems as worldwide jihadism and racial domination with hostile to movement, separately. Through self destruction bombings of the al-Qaeda and KKK’s threatening killings with cross burnings, state specialists and the overall population are helped to remember being cautious with the means taken toward political and financial points over the

Fall 2012 Transfer Admission - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Summer/Fall 2012 Transfer Admission - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Summer/Fall 2012 Transfer Admission As our review of the freshman transcripts (just the transcripts, not the entire file!) comes to an end, we will now starting up our transfer reviews. The transfer decision process is very different from the freshman process, so please take note. While the freshman decisions go out at three times during the year (November, late February and late March), the transfer decisions will go out beginning in February and ending in late May/early June, and are made on a daily basis. Here are a few notes on the Transfer Admission Process: Transfer Deadlines Around this time, we receive a number of questions about why our fall transfer deadline for both applications and college transcripts is April 1. Just so everyone knows, our transfer deadlines are set up as they are for a few reasons. First, the transfer review process is a very detailed and time consuming process, and we set the deadline so that students can receive a decision in enough time to make a decision about where to attend college. With 3,000 plus transfer applications expected for Fall, if we set the deadline at a later time (lets say June 1), you might not hear a decision until late July or early August. If you couple that with needed to have orientation, financial aid interaction, and making plans for moving (either to Athens or to another location), this timeline just does not work. So we need to have an early enough deadline so we can make decisions in an acceptable timeline. The second issue is due to the fact that if we did extend the deadline to June 1 or so, we would most likely receive 1,000-2,000 additional applications, at least based on past history when June 1 was the fall deadline (the largest # of transfer apps in recent history was in 2001 with about 4,500). Besides causing even greater stress to the timeline, the additional applications would most likely cause the requirements to go up, as we can only handle so many entering students, both freshman and transfer. Some people might want this, and some might not, but it would definitely mean changes in our decisions. Transfer Review Process Transfer decision reviews are not a quick process. First, the file has to have all transcripts from any and all colleges an applicant has attended, and we must have any completed work through the Fall term of the previous year (so for this year, it would be Fall 2011 work). We will review complete summer transfer applicants first, then fall, and we review files for the most part in order of when the file is complete (so the earlier you complete your file, the earlier the review). We then have to review the transcripts, see what classes transfer in, determine the number of transferable hours, and calculate a transfer GPA. If we then admit a student, we must plug in exactly how the transferable courses come into UGA, and whether they match specific UGA courses or come in as elective work. In addition, we must plug in the hours and GPA for HOPE scholarship purposes for those applicants that fall into this situation, and make sure that everything is correct. In other words, it can take a while. In addition, the speed of the review depends upon the colleges an applicant has attended. If we have a large database of knowledge about a college and the courses from there (for instance GA State Univ.), then almost all of the equivalent courses are already in our database. But if you have attended several colleges where we have almost no information on (for instance, Green River CC and Central Washington Univ.), then it will take a while to research your classes and determine how the courses translate over to UGA courses. Transfer Timelines As you can guess, this means that I have no idea how many transfer applicants we can review a day, and how many decisions will go out on X date. As well, I cannot even begin to guess, beyond a rough monthly estimate, when you will receive a transfer decision. What I would suggest is that you should make sure that all transcripts are here through the status check system, that if you have any other names you have used (last name is Jones now but was Smith), you should contact us to let us know after the transcript is sent, and be patient. Remember, transfer decisions will both come in the mail and will be posted on the status check. But please do not ask me when you will hear a decision, or if you submitted your application and transcripts on X date, when you will most likely hear. I cannot guess about it, so just be patient. I hope this helps, and Go Dawgs!

Essay on HIV - 1863 Words

HIV nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Like the majority of the American population I have lived in a cloud of ignorance about the HIV and AIDS crisis. I have never know anyone close to me that has been infected with either of the two viruses. So when the option to research something to do with sexuality arouse I felt this would definitely further my education about a lethal killer that is roaming this earth. Since I knew next to nothing about this topic I will start from the begging of the disease and discuss where its at now. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The HIV and AIDS disease has been around for awhile although no one has been able to pin point its origin. There are many theories floating around the medical world but the most†¦show more content†¦This is where normal sickness, disease, and other things in the environment are now able to attack the bodies system. This stage is called the chronic symptomatic disease. A very noticeable symptom is a thrush, which quot;is a yeast infection of the mouth†¦quot;(Kelly 532). Also at this stage there can be infections of the skin and also feelings of fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, etc. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The actual period of the HIV virus really varies from person to person. Normally with in a year or two the serve stages of HIV set in. At this point in the victims life it is said they have progressed into the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome(AIDS). This status is established when one or more of diseases have accumulated in the effected victims system. Many victims often have lesions appear on their skin or they begin to acquire a pneumocystic pneumonia. The final stage of the virus attacks the nervous system, quot;damaging the brain and the spinal cord.quot;(Kelly 532). This can lead to a number of problems in the body: blindness, depression, loss of body control, loss of memory. This can often last for months before the victim finally passes away. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Once the HIV virus enters the body it infects the quot;Tquot; cell the protectors of the immune system. Once they have attached to the T cell the HIV molecule sheds its outer coating and then releases theShow MoreRelatedHiv : Hiv And Hiv2192 Words   |  9 PagesThe number of individuals in South Africa infected with HIV is larger than in any other single country in the world. The 2007 UNAIDS report estimated that 5,700,000 South Africans had HIV/AIDS, or just under 12% of South Africa s population of 48 million. In the adult population the rate is 18.5%. Page 2 HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It’s the virus that causes HIV infection. The human immunodeficiency virus causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDSRead MoreHiv And Its Effects On Hiv Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are good happenings in life, there are bad happenings as well. 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The transmission routes for HIV make unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partnerRead MoreHiv And The Hiv Epidemic1129 Words   |  5 Pageseventually dying alone due to an unwillingness to report their illness for fear of consequence or prejudice, and this allowed the HIV virus flourish. Several countries responded efficiently and effectively to the presence of the HIV virus in their midst, while other countries maintained an attitude of ignorance. The latter position contributed to a huge expanse of the HIV epidemic in some countries, namely South Africa and Iran. In contrast, those countries that effectively addressed and managed theRead MoreHiv Epidemic : Hiv And Hiv1781 Words   |  8 PagesSince its identification approximately two decades ago, HIV has increasingly spread globally, surpassing expectations (1). The number of people living with HIV worldwide is estimated to be 36 million, with 20 million people having died from the disease, giving a total number of 56 million being infected (1). In 2000 alone, 5.3 million people were infected with HIV and there is potential for further spread. HIV infection rates vary all over the world with the highest rates in Sub-Saharan AfricaRead MoreHiv And The Treatment Of Hiv1510 Words   |  7 PagesIntro: There have been 30 drugs approved to treat Hiv, but currently there are no cures for this virus. The treatment for Hiv can help people live with the virus while taking care of your physical, mental health, and overall well being. Starting treatment as soon as possible it can help your health circumstanc es and strengthen your immune system. Getting tested for HIV is very important to decrease the spread of the virus and save many lives. Getting tested to know your status in order to avoidRead MoreHiv And Its Effects On Hiv964 Words   |  4 Pages HIV does not make people dangerous to know. You can shake their hands and give them a hug. Heaven knows they need it.† (Diana, 1987) Princess Diana declared these words at an Aids Center in London as she sat on the bed of a patient and held his hand. She did this to destroy the notion that a majority of the population believed that the virus could be spread through casual contact (Thompson, 2007). HIV remains for human immunodeficiency infection. The infection can lead to acquired immunodeficiencyRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Hiv And Hiv1361 Words   |  6 PagesThe first cases of AIDS that were reported in the United States began in the early 1980s. Today, more than 1.1 million people are living with HIV. In response to this HIV epidemic, at least 35 states have implemented HIV-specific criminal laws that penalize HIV-positive people for exposing others to the vi rus. These laws impose criminal penalties to HIV positive people that knowingly and potentially expose others to the virus. The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act, also knownRead MoreHiv And The Prevalence Of Hiv Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pages HIV In Adolescents Shavon Q Frasier Delaware Technical and Community College Abstract According to the CDC, In the United States the prevalence of HIV in adolescents from age 13-24 is estimated to account for 22% of all new cases (cdc.gov 2016). Of those cases, the most new cases occurred among gay and bisexual males. Furthermore young African American and Latino gay and bisexual males have been affected in higher numbers than any other group. Addressing HIV in our youth entailsRead MoreHiv And Aids : Hiv / Aids Essay924 Words   |  4 Pages2.1 HIV/AIDS HIV is a latent virus that attacks and compromises the immune system and exposes the body to diseases and infections. AIDS is a disease of the immune system caused by a retrovirus known as HIV that makes the individual highly vulnerable to life threatening infections and diseases such as TB (FANTA, 2004). 2.1.1 TRANSMISSION OF HIV According to FANTA, there are three primary routes of HIV transmission; 1) Unprotected sex with a person carrying the HIV virus. 2) Transfusion of contaminated

Oppression And Discrimination Has Plagued Our Society

Oppression and discrimination has plagued our society since early times. As a collective society one would think that over time oppression and discrimination would turn into acceptance and equality. Conversely, our society has taken sluggish steps towards diversity, acceptance and equality. Our society is focused on labeling people and putting them into limiting boxes. Oppression occurs across various groups of people based on gender, sex, race, religion, and disability. Members of these diverse groups are discriminated among work places, schools, and other places. Work places and schools promote diversity and non-discrimination, however little seems to be practiced. Oppression across generation leaves damaging consequences hindering society in the growth towards a more accepting environment. After years of oppression and little change, internalized oppression is becoming detrimental to the growth of the next generation. Society leaves little room for change as these groups’ b egin the cycle of self-hate and stereotypes that have been placed on them by society. The youth grow up surrounded by a world that is against them from the beginning. Racism, oppression, and discrimination have a negative impact on the health and wellbeing among these people. A study on how racism has affected the Aborigines in Australia, shows that this group experiences a substantial health disadvantage compared to the rest of the Australian population. Aboriginal youth who experience racism are atShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Case For Reparations 1057 Words   |  5 Pagesmany years. Racial discrimination is still existent today, though people are afraid to talk about it, for fear of admitting ancestral sin and current stereotypes. Ta-Nehisi Coates expresses these ideas in his article â€Å"The Case for Reparations†, and focuses on the issue of home ownership in Chicago. The bottom line of his article is that one must not forget and discard of the past, rather they m ust acknowledge and own what has happened. With Coates focus on American oppression, one doesn’t gleanRead MoreImpact of Media on Diversity in the 21st Century Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION A decade into the 21st century and the United States is still plagued with the prejudice, oppression, and discrimination that have dominated since its founding. Despite the advances in technology and education, there remains an archaic practice of communication and interpersonal relationships. In fact, the prejudice, oppression, and discrimination practiced today is far worse than that of years past because of the advances in technology and education. People have learned to camouflageRead MoreGender Roles Have Plagued Our Society919 Words   |  4 Pageshave plagued our society for centuries. 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Reasonable Fear of Imminent Danger Good Social Policy Free Essays

string(232) " 2005 was that it was â€Å"necessary to restore absolute rights of law abiding people to protect themselves, their families, and others, and their property from intruders and attackers without fear of prosecution or civil action\." Reasonable Fear of Imminent Danger: Good Social Policy? BY gotten Reasonable Fear of Imminent Danger: Good Social Policy? Giovanni Mike 4324324 LISTENED 1001 sum 13 Professor James Barney A sobering fact Is that our government has a monopoly on the use of force, but It cannot protect everyone at all times In an Immediate fashion. Joel samara, criminal Law, at 1 55 (1 lath De. 2014). We will write a custom essay sample on Reasonable Fear of Imminent Danger: Good Social Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, citizens are permitted to use proportional force in a â€Å"self-help† fashion as long as 1. The necessity is great 2. The need exists â€Å"right now’ 3. The force is used for prevention only. D. At 155. However, preemptive tribes or retaliation are not justifications for force used in self-defense. ‘d, at 155. There are also four elements of self-defense: unprovoked attack, necessity, proportionality, and reasonable belief. ‘d, at 156. The first three were alluded to earlier and are fairly self-explanatory, but reasonable belief will be the primary focus in this discussion. This element requires that a defender must have the â€Å"reasonable† belief that It’s necessary to use deadly force to neutralize an Imminent deadly attack. D, at 156. However, what Is â€Å"reasonable fear? † How does It play out In the courtroom? Is the burden on the person using force against an aggressor to show that he or she possessed â€Å"reas onable fear? † Does this requirement change whether a person is at should be look into whether the person using deadly force had a â€Å"reasonable† opportunity to retreat and avoid violence? Should we offer civil immunity to those who used deadly force legitimately? Overall, are the recently more aggressive self- defense laws good for public policy? Do they allow those with â€Å"itchy’ trigger fingers to have a virtual license to kill, or do they take an extra necessary step to put the safety f law-abiding citizens ahead of the concerns of violent law-breakers? Newer self- defense laws, such as the one passed by Florida, unnecessarily presume â€Å"reasonable fear† in defending one’s home and fail to adequately consider whether a person using deadly force had a duty to retreat (in public spaces) when violence could have been easily avoided. Citizens should reasonably be expected to show that their deadly use of force was Justified due to their legitimate fear for their safety whether they’re at home or in public; they’re burden of proof shouldn’t be beyond a seasonable doubt since the prosecution could probably cast doubt on this with relative ease since it’s based on the subjective measurement of fear. Subtle wording differences in these laws can sway protections to either the aggressor or defender in these situations?it’s critical to strike a healthy balance. So how did we get to the self-defense laws used today? According to Joel Samara, Criminal Law, at 164 (1 lath De. 2014), since the thirteenth century English common law required that a person had to prove that he’d â€Å"retreated to the wall† before being Justified in killing another errors. The US began to reject this practice in the nineteenth century and replaced it with a â€Å"no duty to retreat† requirement, which holds that a person can be Justified in killing someone in self-defense. ‘d, at 164. This new approach to the use of force by the common man was thought to be more accommodating to the bravery of a â€Å"true man. † ‘d, at 164. This â€Å"true man† was thought to be someone who would do whatever he had to do to protect his wife, kids, and the nation. ‘d, at 165. Legislators and judges carved out the â€Å"stand your ground† rule from these previously mention values, which states that if a man didn’t start the fight they could stand their ground and kill in self-defense without having to retreat from a place they had a legal right to be. ‘d, at 165. Also, the retreat rule was also created that obligates a person to retreat if they â€Å"reasonably’ believe that they’re threatened with death or serious harm and they are able to retreat without continuing to be subject to this danger. D, at 165. Furthermore, the â€Å"castle doctrine† was created as an exception to the retreat rule when the context is within someone’s home, where they have no duty to retreat as Eng as they reasonably believe there is an imminent threat of death or serious bodily har m. ‘d, at 165. Since 2005, more than forty states have passed or proposed new â€Å"castle doctrine† legislation intended to expand the right to use deadly force in self-defense. ‘d, at 172. Florida was the first state to pass this type of statute, and it continues to be the model for the rest of the states. D, at 172. Their statute states that a person is presumed to have held a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death or great bodily harm if: (a) The person against whom the defensive force was used as in the process of unlawfully and forcefully entering, or had unlawfully and forcibly entered, a dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle (b) The person who used defensive force knew or had reason to believe that an unlawful and forcible entry or unlawful and forcible act was occurring or had occurred†¦ Old, at 172. Pennsylvania, they have a right to be in (2) they believe that the use of deadly force is immediately necessary to prevent death, serious bodily injury, kidnapping, or rape (3) the aggressor displays or uses a firearm (or replica) or any other deadly weapon. Joshua Light, The Castle Doctrine?The Lobby is my Dwelling, Volvo 22 Widener Law Journal 236 These types of laws do not exist without controversy, since there are those (2012). That claim that they give citizens a virtual â€Å"license to kill. † Supra, at 174. On one side, people like Marion Hammer, president of the National Rifle Association, contend that these new laws are Just protecting a right that has been around since the asses and that we shouldn’t have a duty to retreat only to get chased down and beaten to death. ‘d, at 174. Indeed, Florist’s intent when they passed their castle-doctrine law n 2005 was that it was â€Å"necessary to restore absolute rights of law abiding people to protect themselves, their families, and others, and their property from intruders and attackers without fear of prosecution or civil action. You read "Reasonable Fear of Imminent Danger: Good Social Policy" in category "Papers" Wyatt Holiday, The Answer to Criminal Aggression is Retaliation: Stand-your-Ground Laws and the Liberalizing of Self-Defense, Volvo 43 University of Toledo Law Review 417 (2012). Supporters of the castle doctrine-type laws recognize that there are times when the government’s monopoly on violence must be set aside to allow law-abiding citizens to protect themselves when time is limited. Benjamin Levin, A Defensible Defense? : Reexamining Castle Doctrine Statues Volvo 47 Harvard Journal on Legislation 540 (2010). When an aggressor poses an immediate threat, the defender’s preservation of self should take precedence over the aggressor’s culpability. ‘d, at 539. Others like Jim Brady from The Brady Campaign believe that these laws are â€Å"ushering in a violent new era where civilians have more freedom to use deadly force than even the police. † Samara, Criminal Law, at 174 (2014). They also claim that these laws allow those who have an â€Å"itchy trigger finger† to simply claim that they were in fear and therefore justified in using deadly force. ‘d, at 174. To make things even more complex, states have their own versions of the law that are still in flux and fairly open to interpretation by courts?it is not always straightforward when someone is legally entitled to use deadly force to protect themselves. Levin, A Defensible Defense 534-536 (2010). What does â€Å"reasonable fear† even mean? Unfortunately, this is not easy to answer. Ohio’s depiction of reasonable fear is somewhat helpful: the actor using deadly force must have a bona fide belief that he/she was in imminent danger f death or great bodily harm and the only means of escape was to use deadly force in retaliation. Wyatt Holiday, The Answer to Criminal Aggression is Retaliation: Stand- Your-Ground Laws and the Liberalizing of Self-Defense, Volvo 43 University of Toledo Law Review 425 (2012). The â€Å"honest† and â€Å"reasonable† requirements make it seem like a hybrid objective/sub]active requirement, but it’s still a subjective standard as highlighted by the Ohio Supreme Court. ‘d, at 424. This court’s instructions on this standard recommended that to determine whether a defendant had reasonable fear of imminent danger: †¦ U must put yourself in the position of the Defendant, with her characteristics, knowledge, or lack of knowledge, and under the same circumstances and conditions that surrounded the Defendant at the time. You must consider the conduct of [the victim] and determine if such acts and words caused the Defendant to reasonably and honestly believe that she was about to be killed or â€Å"reasonable fear† is so subjective, because of t he wide range of situations people find themselves in; it doesn’t seem feasible to create an objective test that measures such a subjective and virtually immeasurable emotion such as fear. Keep in mind how the law mentions that the only means of escape is the use of deadly force. Even though â€Å"reasonable fear† is such a subjective concept, it still has an impact in the courtroom compared to how self-defense laws used to be written. Before Stand- Your-Ground laws came about, defendants had the burden to show that their life and limb was actually in danger. Light at 234 (2012). Now, in certain Jurisdictions, citizens have to only prove that they had a â€Å"reasonable fear† that their life and limb were at jeopardy, and that they believed that deadly force was immediately necessary to peel this threat. D, at 234. This amounts to a smaller burden of proof on the defendant, which is more challenging for the prosecution because disproving facts is a lot easier than disproving perceptions. ‘d, at 234. Is this a fair balance? The â€Å"reasonable fear† requirement is fair since it allows the state to make an inquiry into whether deadly force was used in a legitimate fashion without putting an excessive burden on citizens to Justify their use of force that can be easily defeated by prosecuting attorneys. What about the â€Å"duty to retreat? Should it still play a part n today’s laws? Eric Del Bozo, Retreat Does Not Equal Surrender: Defensive Deadly Force in Dwellings After People v. Keen, Volvo 82 SST. John’s Law Review 360-381 (2008) points out that the duty to retreat should still play a part in these self-defense laws, especially when retreat is a safe and reasonable option that could save a lot of violence. He concedes, however, that â€Å"one need not calmly evaluate exit strategies when faced with a pressing danger, for detached reflection cannot be demanded in the presence of an uplifted knife. ‘d, at 364. Also, it isn’t reasonable to focus in midnight at whether the defendant could have safely retreated, which is a reason why â€Å"reasonable fear† is appropriate in order to focu s on what the person knew at the time. ‘d, at 364. The way retreat is treated as an option and the thoughts of the person using force varies among states and even Jurisdictions within those states; some deemphasize the need to retreat while others focus more on the Justification of force and options for retreat. ‘d, at 363-364. In 2006 alone though, between 10 and 15 states repealed their laws that required persons to consider retreat before using defensive deadly force. D, at 377. This might not bode well in a case where a person shoots his neighbor over an argument over trash bins; Del Bozo suggests that stories making headlines tend to be neighbors and acquaintances freely assaulting each other rather than repelling home invasions. ‘d, at 377. However, he doesn’t offer any statistics or empirical evidence that there is a trend in unjustifiable killings due to these laws. Nonetheless, the duty to retreat still has merit to allow the whole situation to be analyzed in court, and hold people accountable who may engage in â€Å"senseless† killings. ‘d, at 378. The prosecution should be able to show that retreat was indeed a viable option out of a respect for human life; there must be a balance between protecting the safety of both the assailant and the victim, but retreat should be looked at with the burden being on the non-aggressor. ‘d, at 380. There are five different concerns that law enforcement authorities have concerning these new and more aggressive self-defense laws. One unintended consequence could be police officers since citizens Just have to claim that they have â€Å"reasonable fear† in order to use deadly force. ‘d, at 175. On the other hand, Florist’s statute contains a revision which holds that citizens are not Justified in using deadly force against law enforcement officers as long as they are acting in an official capacity, have identified themselves as a police officer, or the person using force should have â€Å"reasonably’ known it was a law enforcement officer. D, at 173. Indiana struggled with this unintended consequence, but actually ended up ruling that citizens cannot reasonably use deadly force against law enforcement officers. Jon Laramie, Indiana Constitutional Development: Debtors, Placements, and the Castle Doctrine, Volvo. 45 Indiana Law Review, 1049-1051 (2012). In Barnes v. Tate, 946 N. E. Ad 572 (2011), the Indiana Supreme Court stated that â€Å"public policy disavows recognizing a common l aw right to forcibly resist unlawful police entry into one’s home. ‘d, at 1050. They also recognized that it isn’t easy for citizens to recognize when a given police entry is lawful or not, that injury is high due to upgrades in police equipment, and citizens have other remedies for unlawful entries (civil litigation, police disciplinary hearings, exclusionary rule, etc. ) ‘d, at 1050. The court did concede that a person has the right to â€Å"reasonably resist† an unlawful entry, but this doesn’t amount to a defense of eatery or other violent acts against law enforcement. D, at 1051. The court also claimed that most other states have followed suite in this decision in the interest of law enforcement safety. ‘d, at 1050. Another concern is that the interpretation of these castle-type laws is in its infancy. Some believe that law enforcement training will constantly have to adapt to changing views on these laws, and that it will be almost impossible for police officers to determine whether these new laws are being invoked [applied properly. Supra, at 176. The next concern is that instead of Just avian to determine whether danger was imminent or there was a duty to retreat in a public place, police officers will now have to anticipate more â€Å"self-defense† claims. ‘d, at 176. This will increase the investigative burdens on officers, and proving a negative is difficult when the evidence is â€Å"in the hands of the defendant. † ‘d, at 176. This concern is exacerbated by the fact that law enforcement agencies are often understaffed and are already overworked. ‘d, at 176. Furthermore, police authorities are worried that these new laws will lead to a sort of apathy and degradation of vigilance among officers. D, at 176. They may get used to seeing â€Å"self- defense† claims and may dig deep enough into every claim as these new castle-type laws call for, especially if both parties have criminal records. ‘d, at 176. The last concern of law enforcement on castle-type laws are that citizens (a) will not be adequately aware of their right to use force in self-defense and (b) will be considered a deterrence by criminals who may now view them as more able to defend themselves. D, at 176. Overall, people might feel safer because they are given more latitude to protect themselves, but they may not since they might be worried about there with â€Å"itchy trigger fingers. † ‘d, at 177. Also, there is a lack of empirical evidence that shows that the positive impacts outweigh the positive negative impacts. ‘d, at 177. However, the i ronic part is that we will not know if these types of laws will â€Å"work† unless we employ them uniformly on a generalize sample size (many states/ jurisdictions) and then evaluate them over time using sound research methods. Ensure that citizens are able to defend themselves when they legitimately need to. Nobody said it would come without any consequences at all. A legal issue with hose castle doctrine-type laws according to Elizabeth Mega, Deadly Combinations: How Self-Defense Laws Pairing Immunity with a Presumption of Fear Allows Criminals to â€Å"Get Away with Murder,† Volvo 34 American Journal of Trial Advocacy 105-134 (2010), is that reasonable fear and immunity can combine to create a virtual bar on prosecution for self-defense cases involving an individual’s â€Å"castle. The state of Florida provides both a presumptive reasonable fear clause and an immunity clause; reasonable fear by itself can be rebutted by the prosecution at a later time, but i mmunity won’t ever allow that to happen. D, at 108. Mega contends that such an â€Å"irrefutable conclusion† is unconstitutional and puts law enforcement in an awkward position to determine immunity. ‘d, at 108. Also, once immunity is granted it cannot be withdrawn and someone who was entitled to immunity cannot fight for it later on. ‘d, at 109. However, if someone is outside of their home they have to prove the reasonableness of their use of force before being qualified for immunity?this is presumed in cases involving the home and motor vehicles though. ‘d, at 113.. Furthermore, at least in situations located at the defender’s home, Florist’s law sakes it impossible to make the determination that the defender’s use of force was unlawful. ‘d, at 118. The law contains a provision that states that reasonable fear can be â€Å"presumed† when a person uses deadly force in the protection of their home?the police cannot make a probable cause determination. D, at 119. Florist’s law puts law enforcement in a situation where they have to make determinations on the spot that prosecutors would normally make: they have to make determinations of immunity and attempt to disprove a presumption rather than establish a case. ‘d, at 120. Law enforcement normally investigate â€Å"unlawfulà ¢â‚¬  acts, but Florist’s law tells officers to presume that acts of violence within the home are â€Å"lawful. † ‘d, at 121 . As for how to fix these statutory issues, Mega contends that they are beyond fixing with Just guidelines and require rewording. Police could become so dependent on the guidelines that they may fail to see the big picture, defendants could end up in Jail trying to assert immunity, law enforcement may not understand the guidelines, and law enforcement have to engage in prosecutorial duties that they were not trained to do. D, at 130. Although â€Å"immunity’ certain presents more problems, what about â€Å"reasonable fear† itself? Mega claims that the previous duty to retreat laws still allowed someone to use force, but only when there is no safe method of retreat. ‘d, at 115. In this way, common law held the respect for life on a higher level than the right to possess and use a gun. ‘d, at 115. However, with the new castle-type laws individuals can now react violently with little incentive to try and diffuse the situation by safely retreating. ‘d, at 115. The duty to retreat makes someone think twice about sing force instead of harming someone before considering whether an actual threat exists. ‘d, at 116. With these new Stand Your Ground and castle-type laws, individuals are authorized to act violently in the face of a â€Å"perceived† threat, which is very subjective and open to interpretation. D, at 129. In Florida, however, the law allows the state to prosecute individuals when probable cause is established that the force used was unlawful, at least outside of one’s home. ‘d, at 130. This type of provision who use deadly force in a senseless or reckless manner without giving reasonable Hough into whether they†™re really facing impending danger. As mentioned earlier though, in the heat of the moment people’s perceptions and their ability amount to think clearly in these intense situations will vary. How does â€Å"reasonable fear† play out in the context of a Jury trial? Stay Lee Burns, Demonstrating â€Å"Reasonable Fear† at Trial: Is it Science or Junk Science? Department of Sociology, Loyola Martyrdom University, Los Angles, CA 107-131 (2008) examined one murder trial in depth that involved reasonable fear. In this case, the Maddened brothers were charged and invoiced of first degree murder for shot-gunning their parents in their own home in August 1989. ‘d, at 109. During the trial, they confessed to parricide but claimed they held reasonable fear because of their prior sexual abuse by their father and acted in self-defense Justification defense). D, at 110. The Jury deadlocked at the first trial, which indicates the ambiguousness that reasonable fear can have at trial. ‘d, at 129. The defense proposed expert testimony that would show that the abuse the defendants underwent altered their mental state at the time of the killings because heir susceptibility to fear and perception of imminent danger were heightened. ‘d, at 1 12. U Timely, the Judge did not allow expert testimony pertaining to what happened in the Maddened brothers’ situation, but could attempt to generalize prior research on fear perception. Although there has been research on the limbic system, the part of the brain that processes fear, for the lastly years the results are far from conclusive and there is no test available that can show what the Maddened brothers’ fear levels were at the time of the killing or whether their susceptibility had indeed been heightened because of trauma. ‘d, at 118- 127. Social science is only able to provide statistics and the likelihood that the Maddened brothers would act a certain way in a given situation. ‘d, at 122. There is a blood test available that can give insight into what a person’s level of fear is, but the sample would have to be taken right at the moment of the crime (not feasible). ‘d, at 124. This case illustrates the tension between social science and the Judicial system that requires facts to relate to the particular case at hand. ‘d, at 128. It came down to what the Jury felt was â€Å"reasonable fear,† and how much they thought the expert testimony applied to the Maddened ease?it’s no surprise that the Jury ended up deadlocked. D, at 128-129. In conclusion, the â€Å"reasonable fear† requirement is fair since it allows the state to make an inquiry into whether deadly force was used in a legitimate fashion without putting an excessive burden on citizens and giving too much of an advantage to prosecuting attorneys. Although â€Å"duty to retreat† shouldn’t be strictly imposed or evaluated in hindsight, it is still applicable in situations where violence could have been easily avoided by practically walking away. While there are legitimate concerns such as Alice safety in no-knock searches with these more aggressive self-defense laws, the sad fact remains that little empirical evidence is out to date that shows any negative or positive trends associated with these laws. In addition, these laws and their interpretation are still in their infancy and are written differently among the states and their Jurisdictions. A legal issue that may not be empirically measurable, however, is how reasonable fear can be paired with immunity to create a bar on prosecution of those defending their home perhaps too readily. These people should burden of proof that can easily be discredited. Additionally, this presumption would leave police officers with the difficult task of making determinations on the spot that would normally be left to prosecuting attorneys. As for immunity, citizens should be granted immunity from civil litigation if their use of deadly force was Justified; they shouldn’t have to be mired with legal action from the aggressor after they’ve already been in court. The Maddened case illustrates the limitations of science to prove reasonable fear in a court setting, and can only offer potential generalizations and statistics. Bottom line, â€Å"reasonable fear† ends up getting determined by Juries, which ay not be that easy or uniform. Overall, the new and more aggressive self-defense laws are good for public policy with the exception of the presumption of reasonable fear in situations involving defending one’s home. These laws necessarily give citizens more latitude in defending themselves without an undue burden of having to sit there and think about whether they should retreat or fear of future civil litigation. However, those who are inclined to resort to violence in the face of any perceived threat need to justify their actions in order to prevent senseless killings. They should only have to how that they had reasonable fear without a heavy burden of proof that prosecutors can easily defeat, which could be the beyond a reasonable doubt standard. An understandable concern is that these new laws will put a further burden on an already stressed and backlogged criminal Justice system, but we cannot put police officers in a position to try to make these determinations on the spot. We also cannot allow potential senseless killings to go unchallenged. Omitting the presumption clause and putting a little more emphasis on retreat options can better balance the defender’s right of safety and the aggressor’s culpability. How to cite Reasonable Fear of Imminent Danger: Good Social Policy, Papers

Qualitative Research In Business And Management

Questions: 1. Are the Financial Statements prepared by PMI correct in accordance with GAAP? 2. What are the differences in the financial statements for six months to end of year provided by PMI for 2011? 3. Consider the contract provisions signed by Dr. Jones with PMI are there ethical and/or accounting concerns from a management perspective? 4. As a manager, what would you advise Dr. Jones in regards to understanding financial statements, cash flows, etc.? 5. As a manager, what would be the course of action you would advise Dr. Jones as to PMIs services provided and/or future services provided? Answers: 1. From the following case study it can be understood that the Jackson and Associates along with the PMI uses a different mode of accounting methodology for professional judgement in order to prepare the financial statement. According to the Jackson and Associates and PMI it should be reviewed that the financial statement prepared by the PMI are in not in accordance with the GAAP rules as the methods adopted are based on cash and accrual basis and therefore they are not in compatible with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (Gollenia, 2016). Therefore, it can be concluded that both the revenues and the receivables will be inflated in the financial statement of PMIs financial statement. 2. At the beginning of the year 2012 it was noticed that PMI released the Sunset Medical financial statements for the financial year of 2011. It was evident from the financial statement that revenue of Sunset increased from 1,167,041 in the financial year of to 1,601,050 for the year ended 2011. Even though with such an additional increase in the revenue it was can be understood that the there was dramatic fall in the operations for the Sunset. Thus, Dr Jones had was left with no other option but to borrow a sum of $200,000 during the year. The borrowed sum consisted of $100,000, which was to be specifically used for the purchase of X-ray machine. 3. At the initial stages, the goal of the sunset business is to add into the agreement to ascertain that the PMI should estimate the data of Return on Assets, Return on Equity etc (Hatten, 2015). Furthermore the contract should be reasonably equal to right and liability. Under the given case study PMI is authorised with the rights to perform supervision and manage the daily operations of the business as manager which is accountable for the company. PMI should be held accountable for any possibilities of business failures. On the other hand, if PMI failed to execute the managerial practice PMI should be liable for business compensatory losses. Along with this, Dr Jonas should keep the power to supervise the business operations of PMI instead of completely authorising PMI to make complete use of power without any control. 4. In order to improve the cash flow of the organisation the best possible advise for Dr Jones is that, he shall ensure proper management of the business which includes the day to day operations of the accounting practice of the company (Myers, 2013). It is further recommended that instead of using the cash vs. Accrual mode of accounting Dr Jones should follows the GAAP mode of accounting. Adopting such mode of accounting would enable Dr Jones to improve the cash flow of the business. 5. As the manager of the practice it is advised that PMI in the future course of action shall assist the company with the recruitment, hiring and supervision. Furthermore, Dr Jones should ensure that PMI should report to the company in order to consult and confer any implementation of business management of services. Reference List: Gollenia, L.A., (2016).Business Transformation Management Methodology. Routledge. Hatten, T. S. (2015).Small business management: Entrepreneurship and beyond. Nelson Education. Myers, M. D. (2013).Qualitative research in business and management. Sage. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd.